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BMS 100 > Foundational Microbiology 1 > Flashcards

Foundational Microbiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The founder of cell biology

A

Robert Hooke

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1
Q

The founder of microbiology

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Protists according to van Leeuwenhoek’s

A

Protist: any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.

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3
Q

First bacterial cell, and Vertebrate sperm cells

A

van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries
bacterial cell = ones that infect your GI system

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4
Q

The founder of taxonomics

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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5
Q

a system for naming species and grouping similar ones together
Linnaeus described two groups: Animals and Plant

A

Taxonomics

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6
Q

Binomial Nomenclature: naming includes 2 terms—genus and specific epithet

A

Genus = generic name
Specific epithet = specific species

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7
Q

the theory of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation – life emerging from non-living matter.

A

Aristotle

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8
Q

putting spontaneous generation in question. Using sealed containers

A

Fransisco Redi

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9
Q

supporting spontaneous generation. Boiling broth

A

John Needham

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10
Q

“There must be a “life force” that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life because he had heated the vials sufficiently to kill everything.”

A

John Needham

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11
Q

Swan-necked flask experiment. ____ boiled them longer. He concluded that the microbes in the liquid were the progeny of microbes that had been on the dust particles in the air.

A

Pasteur

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12
Q

Pasteur’s final contribution

A

Pasteurization: heating grape juice just enough to kill most bacteria without ruining the juice’s taste and other qualities

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13
Q

Pasteur’s 1857 Hypothesis:

A

The germ theory of disease
- microorganisms are also responsible for disease
Each disease is caused by a specific germ (pathogen)

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14
Q

Studying the etiology of infectious disease

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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14
Q

Diseases caused by germs are now called ________ __________

A

infectious diseases

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15
Q

Who is responsible for:
- Simple staining techniques
- First photomicrograph of bacteria
- First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
- Use a Petri dish to hold solid growth media
- Transferring bacteria with heat and metal wires

A

Robert Koch

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16
Q
  1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy cases
  2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
  3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
  4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
A

Koch’s Postulates

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17
Q

The prevention of disease:
1. Handwashing

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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18
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis observed

A

observed that women giving birth where medical students trained died from puerperal fever 20X more than women birthing at home
- Hypothesized it was due to cadaver particles in med students
- Handwashing with chlorinated lime water decreased mortality

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19
Q

The prevention of disease:
2. Joseph Lister (1850s)

A

Introduced antiseptic technique and disinfection into surgical theatres
Sprayed phenol on incisions, wounds, dressings, etc.
- Reduced deaths among his patients by 2/3rds

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20
Q

The prevention of disease:
3. Florence Nightingale (1850s)

A

Introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing practices (Crimean War)—scrubbing furniture, equipment, changing clothes, dressings…
- Highly documented her findings

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21
Q

The prevention of disease:
4. John Snow (1854)

A

Successfully correlated cholera propagation with poor water sanitation.
This led to the emergence of
2 major branches of microbiology

  1. Infection control
  2. Epidemiology
22
Q

The prevention of disease:
6. Jenner’s Vaccine (1790s)

A

Jenner’s observations: milkmaids did not get smallpox

Injected 8-year-old boy with pus from milkmaid’s cowpox blisters

Weeks later, he injected the boy with Variola major (bad ethics!)

23
Q

Most cells do not reproduce immediately even though it’s a nutrient-rich environment.

A

lag phase

24
Q

WHY is there a lag phase

A
  • Often, bacteria need to create enzymes in order to metabolize those nutrients
  • Or they need to make transport proteins to allow nutrients to enter
  • Can last for an hour or days - depends on medium we are using
25
Q

Cells grow at their maximum rate and there are no limitations to nutrients.

A

Exponential Phase

26
Q

As nutrients are depleted and wastes accumulate and we run out of space, the rate of reproduction decreases. Eventually, # of dying cells equals # of cells being produced, and the size of the population remains constant

A

Stationary Phase

27
Q

Cells that stay alive during the stationary phase are the ones that are

A

resistant to stress - these would be the cells that would stay alive through antibiotic resistance

28
Q

If nutrients are not added and wastes are not removed, a population reaches a point at which cells die at a faster rate than they are produced.

A

Death Phase

29
Q

T or F: Not all cells are dead - the number of dying just exceeds the ones being produced

A

True

30
Q

Dying cells release nutrients and the remaining cells feed off these nutrients. Can maintain the long-term phase by feeding off this nutrient - can maintain a pretty steady population without adding any new nutrients

A

Long-term Stationary Phase

31
Q

the time required for a population of cells to double in number.

A

generation time

32
Q

Environmental Factors Affecting Growth:


A
  1. solute concentrations/osmosis
    2.pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Oxygen concentration
33
Q

Psychrophiles

A

grow best at temp below 15 - can growth below 0

34
Q

Psychrotolerants

A

COULD grow in cold but optimal - optimal = 20 ish (infect warm-blooded animals)

35
Q

Mesophiles

A

20-40 degrees (our bodies) - most of these are human pathogens

36
Q

Thermpholes

A

about 45 degrees (hot springs)

37
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

80-100 - can live in boiling water

38
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

(peroxides)—have catalase and peroxidase

39
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

(e.g., clostridia) — do NOT have catalase and peroxidase

40
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

(e.g. E. coli)—aerobes that maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration - they are aerobic but they can still reproduce and grow without oxygen

41
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

(e.g. Lactobacilli)–do not use aerobic metabolism, but they tolerate oxygen - they don’t need oxygen but they can tolerate

42
Q

Microaerophiles

A

(e.g. H. pylori)—require oxygen levels of 2% to 10%

43
Q

microbial communities (usually multiple strains)—have synergistic relationships among numerous microorganisms, attached to smooth surfaces such as teeth, rocks in streams, shower curtains, implanted medical devices (plaque on teeth)

A

biofilms

44
Q

____ of bacterial diseases in industrialized nations are caused by biofilms

A

70%

45
Q

media - has a wide variety of ingredients that bacteria thrive in. supports a wide variety of growth

A

complex media
- Good for growing fastidious microorganisms: ones that require a large number of growth factors

46
Q

contain substances that either favour the growth of particular microorganisms or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones

A

selective media

47
Q

Eosin, Methylene Blue, and Bile Salts

A

kill gram pos. harmless to gram neg

48
Q

either the presence of visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearance of colonies help us differentiate among the kinds of bacteria growing on the medium

A

differential media

49
Q

tube filled with solid agar and add the bacteria with a needle - bacteria grows only where the needle punctured

A

stab cultured

50
Q

they enhance the growth of certain species that can then be distinguished from other species by variations in appearance

A

MacConkey Agar – Selective and Differential

51
Q

a culture in which all microbes come from a single progenitor cell or isolated colony

A

a pure culture
- The key – all cells in pure culture are genetically identical
- Requires a high degree of aseptic technique and sterilized equipment

52
Q

used to isolate the organisms from a mixed population into a pure culture.

A

THE STREAK PLATE

53
Q

SERIAL DILUTIONS are used for

A

measuring populations

54
Q

turbidity

A

(indirect & for Large populations)
Greater the bacteria population = more cloudy the broth will be
Cloudier it is = less light coming through - does not reach the reflector
Transmission is inversely proportional to bacteria colony size

BMS 100 (37 decks)

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