Foundational Microbiology 1 Flashcards
(56 cards)
The founder of cell biology
Robert Hooke
The founder of microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Protists according to van Leeuwenhoek’s
Protist: any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.
First bacterial cell, and Vertebrate sperm cells
van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries
bacterial cell = ones that infect your GI system
The founder of taxonomics
Carolus Linnaeus
a system for naming species and grouping similar ones together
Linnaeus described two groups: Animals and Plant
Taxonomics
Binomial Nomenclature: naming includes 2 terms—genus and specific epithet
Genus = generic name
Specific epithet = specific species
the theory of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation – life emerging from non-living matter.
Aristotle
putting spontaneous generation in question. Using sealed containers
Fransisco Redi
supporting spontaneous generation. Boiling broth
John Needham
“There must be a “life force” that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life because he had heated the vials sufficiently to kill everything.”
John Needham
Swan-necked flask experiment. ____ boiled them longer. He concluded that the microbes in the liquid were the progeny of microbes that had been on the dust particles in the air.
Pasteur
Pasteur’s final contribution
Pasteurization: heating grape juice just enough to kill most bacteria without ruining the juice’s taste and other qualities
Pasteur’s 1857 Hypothesis:
The germ theory of disease
- microorganisms are also responsible for disease
Each disease is caused by a specific germ (pathogen)
Studying the etiology of infectious disease
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Diseases caused by germs are now called ________ __________
infectious diseases
Who is responsible for:
- Simple staining techniques
- First photomicrograph of bacteria
- First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
- Use a Petri dish to hold solid growth media
- Transferring bacteria with heat and metal wires
Robert Koch
- The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy cases
- The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
- When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
- The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
Koch’s Postulates
The prevention of disease: 1. Handwashing
Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Semmelweis observed
observed that women giving birth where medical students trained died from puerperal fever 20X more than women birthing at home
- Hypothesized it was due to cadaver particles in med students
- Handwashing with chlorinated lime water decreased mortality
The prevention of disease: 2. Joseph Lister (1850s)
Introduced antiseptic technique and disinfection into surgical theatres
Sprayed phenol on incisions, wounds, dressings, etc.
- Reduced deaths among his patients by 2/3rds
The prevention of disease: 3. Florence Nightingale (1850s)
Introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing practices (Crimean War)—scrubbing furniture, equipment, changing clothes, dressings…
- Highly documented her findings
The prevention of disease: 4. John Snow (1854)
Successfully correlated cholera propagation with poor water sanitation.
This led to the emergence of
2 major branches of microbiology
- Infection control
- Epidemiology
The prevention of disease: 6. Jenner’s Vaccine (1790s)
Jenner’s observations: milkmaids did not get smallpox
Injected 8-year-old boy with pus from milkmaid’s cowpox blisters
Weeks later, he injected the boy with Variola major (bad ethics!)
