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BMS 100 > General Histology – Epithelial and Connective Tissue > Flashcards

General Histology – Epithelial and Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Study of tissues under a microscope, usually after the tissues have been prepared in some way

A

histology

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2
Q

can visualize structures as small as 0.2 microns (µm, 1/1,000,000 of a metre)

A

Light microscopy

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3
Q

Anything smaller than 0.2 microns needs to use a ____________ as the radiation source

A

beam of electrons

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4
Q

Types of light microscopy include _________ microscopy and ________ microscopy

A

fluorescence and confocal

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5
Q

can view a cell or tissue in a particular
plane (i.e. doesn’t see the plane above or the plane below, so it’s a thin, almost “2-D” image)

A

Confocal microscopy

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6
Q

involves loading a cell with a fluorescent probe

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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7
Q

can visualize structures that are as small as 3 nm (i.e. molecular level of resolution)

A

Electron microscopy

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8
Q

Electron microscopy: Tissue sections are often frozen in ____________ and sliced into thin sections

A

liquid nitrogen

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9
Q

The tissue or cell being imaged can also be coated in a thin ___________ (scanning electron microscope)

A

layer of gold

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10
Q

What type of microscope always uses dead tissues/cells and is the only method that allows good visualization of organelles and large

A

Electron microscopy

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11
Q

In general, tissues are prepared for examination by:

A
  1. fixation
  2. dehydration and clearing
  3. infiltration and embedding
  4. trimming
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12
Q

preparation method: chemicals cross-link proteins and inactivate enzymes that degrade cells/cellular components

A

fixation

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13
Q

preparation method: tissues are passed through alcohol solutions (replaces the water) and then the alcohol is removed

A

Dehydration & clearing

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14
Q

preparation method: the tissue is infiltrated with a substance (i.e. paraffin wax) and then allowed to harden

A

Infiltration and embedding

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15
Q

preparation method: tissue is sliced into thin, almost transparent slices using a microtome

A

Trimming

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16
Q

The process of exposing a cell to a dye or molecule that improves visualization is known as

A

staining

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17
Q

______ is usually done with dead, fixed cells, but some stains can be done with viable cells

A

staining

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18
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

Cells can also be stained with fluorescent antibodies that bind to a very specific molecular structure

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19
Q

is a dark blue basic dye, and will bind to
negatively-charged molecules (DNA in particular)

A

Hematoxylin

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20
Q

Molecules that bind to basic dyes are known as what type of molecules?

A

basophilic molecules

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21
Q

molecules that bind to acidic dyes are known as

A

acidophilic

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22
Q

is a pink acidic dye – it binds to positively charged molecules (i.e. cytosolic proteins).

A

Eosin

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23
Q

great at showing glycogen and many glycoproteins

A

Periodic acid-Schiff stain

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24
Q

what two stains are usually done together in. tissue preparation

A

Hematoxylin and eosin

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25
Q

What stain highlights DNA and the Nucleus

A

DAPI

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26
Q

What stain highlights DNA, cell membranes and Apoptotic cells (programmed cell death)

A

AO/EB stain

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27
Q

what stain highlights keratin, collagen, DNA,
cytoplasmic proteins and muscle fibres, nuclei, collagen – complicated stain

A

Masson’s trichrome

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28
Q

What stain highlights glycoproteins, glycogen as well as cytosol, mucous and some ECM

A

PAS - Periodic acid-Schiff stain

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29
Q

what stain highlights collagen, mitochondrial elements and the mitochondria

A

Acid Fuchsin

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30
Q

Why is histology useful?

A

Much of the function of a cell or tissue can be deduced by its microscopic structure

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31
Q

what protective function does the epithelial have

A
  • Function of all mucous membranes and the skin
  • Bladder is an interesting case – chemical protection from urine and can stretch for storage
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32
Q

what transportive function does the epithelial have

A

Absorption - water, nutrients, electrolytes… almost anything your GI tract chooses

Secretion or removal of wastes – GI tract, kidney, lung

Exchange epithelium - Optimizes diffusion
* thin cells that reduce diffusion distanced
* endothelial cells, alveolar cells

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33
Q

what secretive function does the epithelial have

A

Glands that secrete substances into ducts (exocrine) or hormones into the blood (endocrine)

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34
Q

True or false: Epithelium is
avascular

A

True! No blood vessels

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35
Q

which epithelial form functions as an exchange epithelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

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36
Q

where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

air sacs of the lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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37
Q

which type of epithelial form functions as transport epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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38
Q

where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

In ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in the kidney tubules

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39
Q

the primary function is motility

A

Cilia

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40
Q

where would you find simple columnar epithelium? What does this epithelium usually have on its structure?

A

usually have microvilli or cilia
ciliated tissues are in larger bronchioles, uterine tubules

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41
Q

what form of epithelium protects against abrasion? Where is it found?

A

stratified squamous epithelium and it lines the esophagus, mouth, vagina and found in the skin - provides extra layers for when top layer falls off

42
Q

what form of epithelium allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch? This form acts a chemical protection from urine

A

transitional epithelium

43
Q

where is transitional epithelium found?

A

lines the bladder, urethra and the uterus

44
Q

describe paracellular transportation

A

a form of transportation for nutrients, gases etc through the epithelial linings. It occurs between epithelial cells, movement is across junctions

45
Q

describe transcellular transportation

A

a form of transportation for nutrients, gases etc through the epithelial linings through
epithelial cells, movement across apical and basolateral cell membranes

46
Q

the primary function is increasing the surface area

A

Microvilli

47
Q

what part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the shape and motility of the cell

A

Actin filaments

48
Q

what part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the structural “strength” of the cell.

A

Intermediate filaments

49
Q

Desmin, keratin are examples of

A

Intermediate filaments

50
Q

what part of the cytoskeleton determines polarity, cell division, and movement of cilia (if present)

A

Microtubules

51
Q

Located at the apical aspect of almost all epithelial cells. Found in the gut, brain, skin and respiratory tract. Closest to the lumen.

A

Tight Junctions

52
Q

Key functions of tight Junctions

A

barrier that prevents movement of undesirable substances to the tissues below

Regulates the movement of a variety of molecules between cells, through the barrier

Helps establish polarity – TJs seem to help direct membrane proteins to the apical vs. basolateral sides

53
Q

Tight junction component: trans-membrane proteins that can act as channels for small molecules (paracellular)

A

Claudins

Some are permeable (Claudin2), some are relatively impermeable (Claudin-1)

54
Q

Tight junction component: trans-membrane protein, function not clear

A

Occludin

55
Q

Tight junction component: Trans-membrane protein that may mediate permeability to larger molecules

A

Junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

56
Q

Tight junction component: Important in tight junction formation, interacts with the cytoskeleton

A

ZO-proteins

57
Q

What are the junctions that are found immediately below tight junctions?

A

Found immediately below tight junctions

58
Q

The function of Adheren junctions

A
  • Strengthens and stabilizes tight junctions
  • Participates in cell-cell signaling that regulates cell division and proliferation
59
Q

Both adherens junctions and tight junctions circle the entire _____ aspect of a columnar of cuboidal epithelial cell

A

apical

60
Q

Desmosomes only attach to _______ of the epithelial cell membrane

A

certain spots

61
Q

transmembrane protein that
interacts with other cadherins on the
neighbouring cell (similar to claudins)

A

Cadherin

62
Q

linker molecules that connect the
the intracellular face of claudins to the actin
cytoskeleton

A

Catenins

63
Q

When cadherins connect across cells,
beta-catenin remains associated with
cadherins. When they don’t connect, beta-catenin can …

A

dissociate and signal cell division

64
Q

While adherens junctions and tight junctions circle the entire apical aspect of a columnar of cuboidal epithelial cell, what only attaches to certain spots of the epithelial cell membrane

A

Desmosomes

65
Q

Similarities between desmosomes and adherens

A
  • Strong adhesion between cells
  • Desmosomes use cadherin-like molecules
  • Both have intracellular “plaques” that interact with proteins that can act as “signalers” and “linkers” (i.e. beta-catenin)
66
Q

differences between desmosomes and adherens

A
  • Desmosomes connect to intracellular intermediate filaments (i.e. keratin)
  • Desmosomes provide more structural stability to the cell
67
Q

Transmembrane “linking” protein is an integrin, not a claudin-like molecule. An Integrin binds to a component of the basement membrane known as laminin

A

hemidesmosomes

68
Q

______ do not bind to a molecule on an adjacent cell and do not seem to have important intracellular signalling functions

A

Hemidesmosomes

69
Q

Hemidesmosomes do link to ________ filaments

A

intracellular intermediate

70
Q

Transport of substances from the apical side to the basal side of the epithelium (paracellular transport)

A

tight junctions

71
Q

Barrier that restricts movement of substances from the apical side to the basal side of the epithelium

A

Tight junctions

72
Q

Strength of the epithelial lining

A

desmosomes

73
Q

Determination of polarity (apical vs. basal) across the epithelial cell

A

tight junctions

74
Q

Signaling and regulation of the activity of the epithelial cell

A

adherents: beta-catenin and gap junctions

75
Q

Anchoring the epithelial cell to the underlying connective tissue

A

hemidesmosomes

76
Q

Almost all cells – including epithelial cells - have one primary cilia
These are non-motile cilia that have a ring of 9
microtubular structures, but no ________

A

central doublet

77
Q

when is primary cilia extremely important?

A

Extremely important in the development of the embryo, sensing fluid movements, and sensing the presence of
growth factor

78
Q

what type of connective tissue is often found
beneath the epithelial lining of many tissues

A

loose CT

79
Q

how is collagen organized in dense irregular connective tissue

A

Collagen is arrayed in bundles
that are not parallel, but
arranged in many different
directions

Resists stresses from multiple
different directions

80
Q

what type of connective tissue has fewer cells, less ground substance than loose connective
tissue

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

81
Q

what type of connective tissue has lots of collagen (type I) with less ground substance and cells than loose connective tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue

82
Q

how is collagen organized in dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen is oriented in one particular
direction

Resists stresses along one line or plane

83
Q

Typical examples of Dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons, ligaments,
aponeuroses

84
Q

Synthesized by fibroblasts

A

Collagen

85
Q

resists tension, multiple triple helices bound together to form fibrils, and fibrils are organized to form fibres. Major collagen type in dense CT and bone

A

type 1 collagen

86
Q

smaller fibrils with less organized orientation
than dense regular tissue. Major component of cartilage – mainly resists pressure
and absorbs shock

A

type 2 collagen

87
Q

reticular fibres - Major component of loose connective tissue

A

Type 3 collagen

88
Q

Type I, II, and III collagens are known as ________ collagens

A

fibrillar

89
Q

forms the basement membrane that
connects epithelial and connective tissue layers

A

Type IV collagen

Forms a sort of cross-linked “net” with laminin
(glycoprotein) and proteoglycans interspersed within it

90
Q

The basement membrane is formed from an organized meshwork of type ___ collagen, proteoglycans, and laminin

A

IV
Note that integrins (hemidesmosomes) bind to the laminin in the basement membrane

91
Q

Proteoglycans – 3-part structure:

A
  • A very long, linear polymer of hyaluronic acid (a GAG)
  • Linking proteins attached to the hyaluronic acid polymer
  • Shorter GAG chains attached to the linking proteins
92
Q

what are the two major components of the ground substance:

A
  1. multi-adhesive glycoproteins: § These bind to a wide variety of components of the
    extracellular matrix
  2. proteoglycans
93
Q

_______ binds to type IV collagen and the integrins of hemidesmosomes

A

laminin

94
Q

________ binds to collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on proteoglycans, and some integrins

A

Fibronectin

95
Q

Proteoglycan: Highly ________ – “collect” water in the ECM due to the OH-groups on
the carbohydrate GAGs

A

hydrated

96
Q

Proteoglycan: Link between _______ and
__________ – help bring structural integrity to the ECM

A

collagens and glycoproteins

97
Q

Proteoglycans: An ECM rich in proteoglycans is _______ for most bacteria to penetrate

A

difficult

98
Q

Proteoglycans:

A
99
Q

main intermediate filament in keratinocytes

A

kertin

100
Q

_______ is strong and forms bundles – a barrier that prevents water loss from
deeper layers and microbe invasion

A

Keratin

101
Q

Keratin complexes with another protein – __________ – that helps compact keratin
and attracts water, aiding in skin
moisturization

A

filaggrin

102
Q
A

BMS 100 (37 decks)

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