Foundations of Architecture: Buildings & Cities

Question 0

Stonehenge

Answer 0

A giant observatory, an astronomical clock
2900-1400 BCE
used to set calendars, predict lunar and solar eclipse, the solstices etc.

Question 1

Indigenous Pitjantjatjara camp

Answer 1

structures are grouped by family and gender, with openings oriented south. small fires. SA

Question 2

Step Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser)

Answer 2

Built by: Pharaoh Djoser, circa 2630 BCE.

Saqqara, on the west bank. 62m tall. primarily limestone, with partial granite interior.

Question 3

Obelisk

Answer 3

A stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top

Question 4

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Answer 4

Built by: Artemisia II of Caria (Queen), circa 353-350 BCE. large edifice of white marble. Borrows from Greek & Egyptian architecture.
Built for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire. Destroyed: 1494CE. Damaged by an earthquake and eventually disassembled by European Crusaders.

Question 5

Mausoleum of Augustus

Answer 5

Built by: Augustus, circa 28 BCE.
located in the Campus Martius, Rome
Concrete, tufa, marbel burial place for the first emperor of rome. Shape is etruscan style surrounded by cypress trees

Question 6

Marae

Answer 6

Polynesian ceremonial precinct and temple structure; often had several terraced floors. Ideally faced the ocean to the north or east. became increasingly secular in the 19th Cen. strict rules and etiquette. Geneology is highly important and is represented in carvings etc.

Question 7

Khorsabad

Answer 7

built from about 720 BCE
The site of the Assyrian Palace of Sargon II, large rooms and courtyards with a circuitous path from entrance to thrownroom.

Question 8

Ziggurat of Ur

Answer 8

c. 2125‐2025 BCE, Mesopotamia (southern Iraq)
Mud-brick, tapers outward. Temple on top was small, set back, and removed from the populace
Four corners oriented to cardinal directions
Dedicated to the moon god Nanna

Question 9

Ishtar Gate

Answer 9

c. 612‐539 BCE,
Babylon, Mesopotamia (southern Iraq),
Blue gazed ceramic bricks and relief images of real and mythological images on this artwork that served as an entrance to the city of Babylon. now housed in Berlin

Question 10

Palace of Knossos

Answer 10

c. 1700‐1380 BCE, Crete
Largest of the palaces; home of King Minos. Great rectangular court with the palace units grouped around it. Constructed with thick walls composed of rough, unshaped fieldstones embedded in clay.

Question 11

Lion Gate

Answer 11

c. 1300 BCE, Mycenae
Limestone. The gate consists of two great monoliths and a lintel. The lions are there to symbolically guard the main gate of the city.

Question 12

Palace megaron

Answer 12

c. 1300 BCE, Mycenae

Question 13

Stoa of Attalus

Answer 13

c. 150 BCE, Athens, Greece,

Market place. Fronted by colonnade. At least two stories high. Permanent shops on inside, temp stand on porch.

Question 14

Temple of Vesta

Answer 14

c. 720 BCE, Rome
Vesta was the Roman Goddess of the Hearth
Round timber temple built to house eternal flame tended to by the Vestal Virgins (Vetals had special privileges in Empire - only women allowed to vote)
Sacred fire of Vesta was tied to the fortunes of the city, its extinction was a symbol of future disaster
STRUCTURE: entrance facing East to symbolize the connection between Vesta’s fire and the sun as sources of life

Question 15

Basilica Ulpia (Trajan’s Basilica)

Answer 15

112 CE, Rome
Built by Trajan
Large rectangular building. Often with a clerestory, side aisles separated from the centre of the nave by colonnades, and an apse at one or both ends. Roman centres for admin, later adapted to Christ and Church use.

Question 16

Markets of Trajan

Answer 16

100-112CE, Rome
Built by Apollodorus of Damascus
commercial center of about 150 shops and offices set into the side of the Quirinal Hill; completed his Forum.
Semicircular brick building set into hill above which are tiers of terraces ascending the slope
Basic unit was the taberna (barrel vaulted cubicle with a large opening to the street and a mezzanine lit by a small window)

Question 17

Pyramids at Giza

Answer 17

Khufu [c. 2600 BCE], Khafre [c. 2532BC] and Menkaure [c. 2525 BC]
c. 2550‐2460 BCE, Egypt
purpose is religious, history. The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist pharaonic rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, those near Giza, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.

Question 18

Treasury of Atreus

Answer 18

c. 1330 BCE. Mycenae
Also called (Beehive Tomb)
Relieving triangle missing
Earliest domed structure and largest until Pantheon
uses Corbeled Vaulting to create the dome

Question 19

Mausoleum of Hadrian

Answer 19

135 CE, Rome.
Built under Hadrian to be a mossuliam for his family and was a marble sturctures with numerous statues and under a dome,later became a temple to Castor Saint angelo

Question 20

Teotihuacan

Answer 20

c. 200BCE-1000CE, Valley of Mexico
A powerful city-state in central Mexico. Urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000 at its peak in 600CE.

Question 21

Temple of Quetzalcoatl

Answer 21

c.100 BCE, Teotihuacan, Mexico
The citadel has a courtyard and many pyramid including the talud‐tablero motif, sculpture on one pyramid. Quetzalcoatl: serpent bird who is the god of water.
There is a tomb under this pyramid
Sacrifices were performed here.

Question 22

Zapotec ball court

Answer 22

c. 600BCE-1000 CE, Monte Alban, valley of Oaxaca

If you loose you died.

Question 23

Governor’s palace

Answer 23

c. 900CE, Uxmal, Yucatan Peninsula

Single long rectangle. divided into 3 parts by inset bays with corbelled vaults, making a 5 part composition.

Question 24

Machu Picchu

Answer 24

c. 1450, Andes Mountains of Peru | Fortified Incan city, with the Intihuatana - 'the hitching post of the sun'

Question 25

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Answer 25

c. 1473‐1458 BCE, Deir‐el‐Bahari, Egypt, 3 colonnaded terraces and 2 ramps Visually coordinated with the natural setting; long horizontals and verticals of the terraces and colonnades repeat the patterns of the cliffs behind; patterns of dark and light in the colonnade are reflected in the cliffs Terraces were originally planted as gardens with exotic trees First time the achievements of a woman are celebrated in art history

Question 26

Temple of Amun at Luxor

Answer 26

c. 1400‐1350 BCE, Luxor, Egypt | another one of the 4 temple enclosures that make up the Karnak Temple Complex

Question 27

Temple of Amun at Karnak

Answer 27

c. 1390‐1224BCE, Karnak, Egypt | 3 major themes, temple is in middle, pylon and obelisk.

Question 28

Great Stupa Sanchi

Answer 28

c. 250BCE-250CE, Sanchi, India Early central Indian type. Domes built from rubble and dirt, faced with dressed stone, then covered with a shining white plaster made of lime and powdered seashells. The railing around the area represents the boundary between the inner, sacred area and outer, bad world. 4 stone gateways cardinal aligned. Chattra at the top symbolises Bohdi Tree

Question 29

Shrine of Borobudur

Answer 29

c. 790‐850CE, Java, Indonesia Buddhist shrine; built of gray volcanic stone, built by Syailendra Dynasty. 5 square gallery platforms, monument translates 8 fold path to enlightenment . cardinally aligned.

Question 30

Mohenjo-Daro

Answer 30

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Question 31

Lingaraja Temple

Answer 31

1050‐1150CE, Bhubaneshwar, India 3 separate halls precede the garbhagriha (sanctuary) at the end of the processional axis; ach hall has a distinctive roof profile so the the composition builds toward the high Shihara.

Question 32

Lakshmana temple

Answer 32

c. 950. Khajuraho, India | Temple dedicated to Vishnu, by king of Chandella dynasty. Erotic imagery.

Question 33

Rudabai Stepwell

Answer 33

c. 1499, Adalaj, India | common to western hot and arid, India. socio-religous institution. device for containing water. structure below ground.

Question 34

Angkor Wat

Answer 34

c. 1120 CE, Cambodia built entirely in stone. no arches: just corbeling. one of the largest religious structures in the world. heavily adorned with sculpture. whole complex is a mortuary shrine for a king.

Question 35

Parthenon

Answer 35

400BCE the main temple of the goddess Athena Nike. built on the acropolis in Athens. Example of Doric architecture. designed by Iktinos & Kallicrates

Question 36

Squinch

Answer 36

does not refer to any one shape: rather to the idea of spanning the corner of a plan shape (beneath a dome) to bring it closer to a circle

Question 37

pendentive

Answer 37

An inverted, concave, triangular piece of masonry serving as the transition from a square support system to the circular base of a dome.

Question 38

Hagia Sophia

Answer 38

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Question 39

Propylaea

Answer 39

entry gate at the west end of the Acropolis, Doric.

Question 40

Erechtheion

Answer 40

421-405 BCE on north side of Acropolis A temple to Athena and Poseidon. The layout was very odd because it was built around a saltwater spring and an olive tree that were already there. It is Ionic. This is said to be where Athena and Posiden had their great battle over being the patron god of the Acropolis.

Question 41

Delphi

Answer 41

Greek city where the temple of Apollo is located and where oracles communicated by the temple priestess would be given. Sibyl spoke to Apollo