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FP-C study > FP-C #6 > Flashcards

FP-C #6 Flashcards

1
Q

Mean airway pressure (MAP)

A

amount of positive pressure in the airway averaged over the inspiratory and expiratory cycles

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2
Q

Vital capacity (Vc)

A

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

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3
Q

I:E Ratio

A

ratio of the inspiratory phase time to the expiratory phase time

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4
Q

Ataxic respiration

A

varying depth and rate of breathing followed by periods of apnea, irregular

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5
Q

Vesicular breath sounds

A

soft , low-pitched sounds heard over peripheral lung tissue

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6
Q

Perfusion

A

blood must flow to the pulmonary vasculature to transport blood to the system

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7
Q

Obstructive diesases

A

diseases that result in difficulty moving air out of the lungs and involve an increased airway resistance

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8
Q

Hyperpnea

A

energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders

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9
Q

LEMON mnemonic purpose

A

a tool to use to assess for a difficult airway

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10
Q

Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)

A

the highest circuit pressure generated during an inspiratory cycle

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11
Q

Time-cycled ventilator

A

type of positive pressure ventilator in which the ventilator ends inspiration after a selected inspiratory time has been achieved

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12
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of the tidal volume (ERV + RV)

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13
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary apnea

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14
Q

Apneustic breathing

A

deep, gasping inspiration, then pause, then an insufficient expiration - usually seen with brain stem lesions

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15
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

sustained regular, rapid and deep breathing from brainstem lesion between lower midbrain and upper pons

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16
Q

Shunt

A

perfusion without ventilation

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17
Q

Mechanical ventilation

A

the application of a device that provides varying degrees of ventilatory support

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18
Q

Respiratory insufficiency

A

inability of the respiratory system to meet its oxygen needs and remove excess amounts of CO2

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19
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

low pitched, dry, grating sound heard during inspiration and expiration indicating pleuritis

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20
Q

Invasive ventilation

A

application of mechanical ventilation via an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube

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21
Q

Crackles

A

fluid in the bronchioles and alveoli heard as snapping or bubbling on inspiration

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22
Q

Respiratory depression

A

general condition caused by either a decrease in the rate or depth of respiration or both

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23
Q

Stridor

A

high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway

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24
Q

Ventilation

A

The airflow in and out of the lungs

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25
PO2 in the alveolus
100 mmHg
26
Anatomic dead space (Vd)
volume of air in the conducting passages - doesn't participate in gas exchange)
27
Restrictive diseases
result in difficulty moving air into the lungs and occurs due to loss of chest or lung compliance
28
Obstructive diseases
diseases in which the flow resistance of the airway is increased
29
Rhonchi
lower-pitched sounds caused by secretions in larger airways
30
Indications: mechanical ventilation
apnea - improving distribution of inhaled gases - ventilatory or respiratory failure
31
Auto- peep
unintentional air trapping which occurs when inspiration begins before the previous breath's expiration has ended
32
Barotrauma
injury to the chest or lungs as a result of increased intrathoracic pressure
33
Tachypnea
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration
34
Residual volume (RV)
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person exhales as forcefully as he or she can
35
PO2 in the capillary
40 mmHg
36
PCO2 in the capillary
45 mmHg
37
Bradypnea
slow respiratory rate, usually below 10 respirations per minute
38
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration (IRV + TV)
39
Noninvasive ventilation
technique uses positive pressure to keep alveoli open and improve gas exchange without airway intubation
40
Wheezes
continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
41
Distribution
The delivery of air to the areas of the lung that can participate in gas exchange
42
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)
concentration of oxygen - the portion of oxygen in relation to total inspired gas
43
Eupnea
normal relaxed breathing
44
Cluster breathing
a short series of irregular respirations followed by periods of apnea at irregular intervals
45
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
the amount of pressure above atmospheric pressure present in the airway at the end of the expiratory cycle
46
Seldinger technique
a method for introducing a catheter into a hollow lumen structure or body cavity through the use of a guide wire
47
Arterial blood gas
measures the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
48
V/Q ratio
relationship between alveolar ventilation and alveolar capillary perfusion (normal value is 0.8)
49
Alveolar ventilation (Va)
amount of air reaching the alveolar-capillary membrane each minute [respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)]
50
Sensitivity (concerning ventilators)
ventilator control that regulates the amount of negative pressure required by the patient to 'trigger' a delivered breath
51
Total lung capacity (TLC)
the maximal volume of air that the lungs can contain (VC + RV)
52
Bronchovesicular sounds
loud , high pitched hollow sounds normally heard over the trachea and the large bronchi
53
Restrictive diseases
pathologies characterized by decreased compliance of lung tissue
54
Adventitious breath sounds
abnormal breath sounds (such as wheezes, rhonchi, and rales)
55
Hypopnea
shallow breathing
56
Capnography
a recording or display of the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide concentrations
57
Transillumination
use of light across a tube to view the thin tissue that covers the trachea
58
Flow cycled ventilator
positive pressure ventilator that ends inspiration when a predetermined flow rate is achieved
59
PCO2 in the alveolus
40 mmHg
60
BiPAP
mechanical delivery of set positive inspiratory pressure each time the patient begins to inspire (as the patient begins to exhale, the machine delivers a lower set end-expiratory pressure)
61
Mode (concerning ventilators)
the particular way in which a mechanical ventilation is delivered
62
Flow rate
the speed at which tidal volume is delivered
63
Respiratory failure
The reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life
64
SpO2
the non-invasive method of pulse oximetry
65
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
occurs in conditions during which either the flow of oxygen is limited in the alveoli or the circulation through the pulmonary capillary is compromised
66
Minute volume
The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute (calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate)
67
Kussmaul's respiration
respirations are abnormally deep, regular, and increased in rate WITHOUT periods of apnea
68
Complications: mechanical ventilation
barotrauma, low cardiac output, ventilator assisted pneumonia, oxygen toxicity
69
Retrograde intubation
method of intubating using a guide wire through the cricothyroid membrane and placing an ETT over the guide wire
70
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
71
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
72
Biot's respirations
varying depth and rate of breathing followed by periods of apnea, irregular
73
Apnea
absence of spontaneous respiration
74
Mallampati classification
correlates the degree of visibility of the oral structures with the degree of difficulty of rigid laryngoscopy (4 classes)
75
Pressure cycled ventilator
delivers a flow of air to the lungs during inspiration until a preset pressure is reached
76
Negative-pressure ventilator
an approach to ventilation in which negative pressure is intermittently applied to the chest surface in an effort to cause inflation of the lungs
77
3-3-2 rule
evaluates airway for intubation: Less than 3 fingers between teeth, 3 fingers between mentum and hyoid, or 2 fingers between thyroid notch and hyoid indicates a difficult airway
78
LEMON stands for what?
(L) look externally
79
Agonal respirations
slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasping breaths - sometimes seen in dying patients.
80
Esophageal detection device
a bulb or syringe that is attached to the proximal end of an ETT used to confirm proper placement
81
Tracheal breath sounds
loud and high-pitched breath sounds with equal length of inspiration and expiration located near the suprasternal notch
82
Capnometry
the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dixoide
83
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
improves oxygenation to splint open alveoli which increases FRC where the patient is allowed to breathe spontaneously while constantly maintaining a base pressure above atmospheric pressure
84
Tidal volume (TV)
amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
85
Face-to-face intubation
performing an intubation on a patient where you are eye-to-eye and nose-to-nose
86
Respiratory diffusion
the actual process of gas exchange
87
I time
the time interval for delivery of a tidal volume
88
Positive-pressure ventilator
uses pressures above atmospheric pressure to push air into lungs (requires use of an artificial airway

FP-C study (9 decks)

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