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Clinical Medicine > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What are the different types of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones?

A

L: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula
S: somewhat cubed shaped as in the phalanges
F: broad surface for muscular attachment or protection of organs (skull, ribs, shoulder blades)
I: wrist, foot, vertebrae

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2
Q

What are some functions of bones?

A
  1. Protect and support the body and organs
  2. Provides skeletal framework of the body
  3. Storehouse for internal CA++ 99% makeup of bones and PO4 85-90%
  4. Production of blood cells which takes place in the bone marrow
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3
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A

Ball and socket: Shoulder and hip which permits movement in any direction
Hinge: elbow movement along one plane and allows flexion and extension
Condylar: functions like a hinge joint but can rotate slightly

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4
Q

What are some examples of the different types of joints?

A
  1. Condyloid: femur to tibia
  2. Hinge: humerus and ulna
  3. Ball and socket: femur
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5
Q

What is a fracture? Does fracture mean the same as a break?

A
  1. An interruption in normal bone continuity, which is accompanied by soft tissue injury
  2. Yes a break and a fracture mean the same thing
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6
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A
  1. The skin over the bone is intact
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7
Q

What is an open or compound fracture?

A
  1. The skin is not intact overlying the fracture and the bone may be protruding
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8
Q

What are some of the locations of a fracture?

A

Epiphyseal: end of long bones (joints) (worst at healing)
Metaphyseal: flared portion of ends of long bones (best at healing)
Diaphyseal: shaft of long bones

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9
Q

What is an oblique fracture

A
  1. The line of the fracture is angled
    *The length of the fracture line is 2 X the width of the bone
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10
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A
  1. Across the bone, perpendicular to the shaft
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11
Q

What is a longitudinal fracture?

A
  1. Fracture is the length of the bone
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12
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A
  1. Twisting or rotation of bone
    *cause of concern for abuse
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13
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A
  1. The bones is broken in more than 2 places
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14
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A
  1. Fragments driven into each other
    *the bones will be shortened
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15
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A
  1. Fragments not in anatomic alignment
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16
Q

What is a non-displaced fracture?

A
  1. Ends of the bone are touching
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17
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

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A
  1. The bone is torn away by a ligament or tendon
18
Q

What is a segmental fracture?

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A
  1. There is a separate piece of bone with a fracture on each end
19
Q

What is a torus fracture?

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A
  1. Buckle fracture of one cortex
    *need two different views to see
    *There will be bumping out of the bone
20
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

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A
  1. An incomplete fracture mainly in children
21
Q

What is a pathologic fracture?

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A
  1. There is a fracture through weakened bone
    *due to osteoporosis,bone cancer, benign cyst in the bone
22
Q

What is an angulated fracture?

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A
  1. The fracture fragments are not anatomically aligned
    *The fracture is at an angle
23
Q

What is a distracted fracture?

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A
  1. There is a gap between the fragment fractures
    *Common in avulsion fractures
    *need surgery
24
Q

What is a translated fracture?

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A
  1. The fractures changed to a different position
    *shifted out of alignment
25
What is the grading system of an open fracture?
Type I: <1cm (puncture wound) Type II: 1-3cm Type III: >3cm
26
What is a sub capital neck fracture and a trans cervical neck fracture?
Subcapital: right below the head of the femur Transcervical: middle of the neck of the femur
27
What is a intertrochanteric fracture and a sub trochanteric fracture?
Inter: through the intertrochanter Sub trochanteric: below the intertrochanter
28
What is a type I and type II of a salter-Harris fracture?
Type I: fracture through physis (growth plate) Type II: fracture partway through physis extending up into metaphysis
29
What is a type III and type IV of the Salter-Harris fracture?
Type III: fracture partway through physis extending down into epiphysis Type IV: fracture through metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis; can lead to angulation deformities
30
What is a Type V Salter-Harris fracture?
Type V: crush injury to physis *Look like the growth plate is staring to close
31
What is the purpose of traction?
1. Reduce fracture 2. Immobilize 3. Decrease pain and muscle spasm 4. Correct deformities 5. Stretch tight muscles
32
What is neurovascular compromise?
1. Damage to nerves from fragments of bone, pressure for casts, splints,and traction
33
What are the 6 P’s of neurovascular compromise?
1. Pain 2. Pulselessness 3. Paresthesia 4. Pallor 5. Paralysis 6. Poikilothermia
34
What is poikilothermia?
1. The extremity loses the ability to regulate heat and will assume the temperature of that specific area around it
35
What is fat embolism syndrome?
1. Release of particles of fat into the blood stream from the yellow marrow at site of injury
36
What are the risks factors of fat embolism syndrome?
1. Long bones 2. Multiple fractures 3. High serum glucose or cholesterol level
37
What is Avascular necrosis?
1. Loss of blood supply to the bones *risk factors mainly hip or anywhere there is bone displacement
38
What is the treatment of Avascular necrosis?
1. Surgical joint replacement
39
What are the stages of bone healing?
1. Hematoma 2. granulation 3. Callus formation 4. Osteoblasts proliferation 5. Bone remodeling 6. Complete healing *takes around 2 years
40
What is delayed union?
1. The bone will heal but it takes >6 months to a year to heal
41
What is nonunion?
1. < 1/2 of bone fragments joined together
42
What is malunion?
1. Bone healed in state of deformity

Clinical Medicine (164 decks)

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