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Year 1 > Fractures and dislocations > Flashcards

Fractures and dislocations Flashcards

1
Q

Polytrauma

A

severe injury to more than one body system

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2
Q

ATLS

  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
A

Advanced trauma life support

  • airway + cervical spine control
  • breathing and ventilation
  • control of bleeding + replace lost blood
  • disability brain protection
  • exposure: remove clothes + inspect body for injury
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3
Q

SIRS

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome

- response to noxious stressor (sepsis = SIRS in response to infection)

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4
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

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5
Q

MODS

A

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

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6
Q

Terrible triad

A

acidosis
coagulopathy
hypothermia

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7
Q

Damage control orthopaedics

A

control bleeding
soft tissue management (fasciotomy, decompress tension pneumothorax, arterial repair)
provisional fracture stability (external fixators)

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8
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure in a closed space (compartment)
leads to ischaemia of components
urgent fasciotomy required

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9
Q

Fracture

A

no continuation between 2 parts of one bone

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10
Q

Twisting force causes a

A

spiral/oblique fracture

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11
Q

Bending force causes a

A

transverse fracture (and often a bending wedge)

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12
Q

High energy force causes a

A

comminuted fracture (+ lots of fragments)

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13
Q

Skin intact

A

closed fracture

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14
Q

Skin broken

A

open (compound) fracture

- increased risk of infection

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15
Q

Reading an x-ray (OSCE steps)

A 
read name
confirm name + DOB (with patient + wrist band)
read hospital number
check x-ray date
note part of region (left/right)
standing/weight-bearing?
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16
Q

Valgus

A

apex medial

17
Q

Parallel

A

no angulation

18
Q

Varus

A

apex lateral

19
Q

Intertrochanteric femoral neck fracture

A

between lesser and greater trochanters

fix with dynamic hip screw

20
Q

Sub-capital fracture

A

(neck of femur)

intracapsular femoral head fracture

21
Q

Dislocation

A

no articulation between 2 bones when there usually is one

22
Q

AMPLE

A 
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last meal
Events
23
Q

Principles of fracture management

A

reduce
retain - maintain reduction until fracture heals
rehabilitate - restore to original status before injury

24
Q

Dislocation initial management

A

analgesia
reduce dislocation
reassess neurovascular status before + after reduction

25
Q

Principles of management of severely injured

A

save life
save limb
save joint

26
Q

Areas you do not x-ray

A 
ribs (x-ray doesn't change management)
nasal bones (most of nose = cartilage)
coccyx (only intervention = analgesia)
27
Q

Radiographic fracture signs (bone)

A

lucent lines - darkenings on x-ray
sclerotic lines - whiter line on x-ray (due to increased density where ends of fracture overlap)
cortical breach - breach of outline of white bone
disruption of trabeculae - decreased space in joint
change in body contour

28
Q

Radiographic fracture signs (complementary)

A

haemarthrosis (blood in joint) - may displace other structures (eg. elevated fat pad)
lipohaemarthrosis (fat and blood in joint)
soft tissue swelling - more grey than expected

29
Q

Boney rings

A

rigid ring must break in at least 2 places

  • pelvis
  • obturator foramen x2
  • paired longbones (forearm + leg)
  • mandible
  • zygomatic arch
  • vertebra
30
Q

Fracture description criteria

A 
position (angulation, displacement, distraction, impaction, foreshortening)
path of fracture line
simple or comminuted
joint involvement
closed or open
31
Q

Children fractures

A 
plastic (bending)
torus
greenstick
growth plate fractures
non-accidental injury
32
Q

Growth plate injury classification

A

SALTR

  • Slipped
  • Above
  • Lower
  • Through
  • Ruined
33
Q

Special fractures

A
  • fatigue (stress) fractures
  • insufficiency fractures
  • pathological fractures

Year 1 (41 decks)

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