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French Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Three estates

A

Clergy- 1%-10% of land, collected tithe
Nobles-2%-25% of land, got tax exemptions
Third-97%-65% of land, greatly varied (serfs to wealthy merchants)
Bourgeoisie and esp petty bourgeoisie (sans-culotte) are jelly of the nobles and are hit hardest by economy-liberals
Peasants were conservatives, but wanted to be free of feudal system

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2
Q

Political causes

A

Clash between nobility and monarchy
Louis xvi reinstalls parlement of Paris
Everyone kinda hated Louis xvi and MA
Letters de cachet=king can arrest whoever they want

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3
Q

Intellectual causes

A

Enlight did NOT directly cause frev, but it helped discontent crystallize into criticism of old regime and make people more aware

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4
Q

Economic causes

A

1714-89? Economy x10! But it’s unequal distribution
Tax system? Sucks! Rich people don’t get as much and farmers general take$
Arev only makes the debt worse
Louis tries to tax nobles, but they get mad and wouldn’t do it
1787? Bankruptcy! 87-89? Famine!

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5
Q

Cahiers de doléances

A

At start of estates general, louis told people to write their grievances down in these

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6
Q

2 issues of estates general

A
  1. Should 3rd estate get twice the votes?

2. Should we vote by person or by estate?

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7
Q

Committee of thirty

A

Group of liberal nobles, wanted more rights for 3rd estate

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8
Q

What is the third estate? By abbé sieyès

A

Pamphlet

3rd estate is the will of the nation, nobles are useless!

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9
Q

National Assembly

A

What the estate general calls itself after June 17,1789

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10
Q

Tennis court oath

June 20, 1789

A

NA is locked out, so they meet at a tennis court and pledge to write a new constitution
King raises army and dismisses finance minister

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11
Q

Storming of the Bastille

July 14, 1789

A

Crowds march to Bastille (prison) and form national guard, appointing marquis de Lafayette as head

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12
Q

Great fear

June-August 1789

A

Peasants attack courts and manors, angry at the feudal system
August 4? NA dismantles entire feudal system!

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13
Q

Declaration of rights of man and citizen

August 26, 1789

A

Expresses enlightenment principles like equality and freedom

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14
Q

October days

1789

A

Angry over bread prices, Women of Paris March on Versailles, killing guards and bringing the royal family to Paris

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15
Q

What are parlements, estates, provincial law codes, and tariffs replaced by?

A

83 equal departments, subdivided into cantons and communes

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16
Q

NA attacks Catholic Church

Nov 1789- July 1790

A

NA confiscates all Catholic Church land

Church is controlled by state, priests have to swear loyalty to Revolution (civil constitution of the clergy)

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17
Q

Constitution of 1791

June

A

Conservative, single legislative body with a constitutional monarch
Those who own property are “active” citizens
King tries to flee to varennes, is brought back to Tuileries

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18
Q

Champs de Mars massacre

A

Crowd gathers to demand republic, NA kills 50

Leads to more radical opinion and distrust of the monarchy

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19
Q

Jacobins club

A

Produces many revolutionary leaders

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20
Q

Edmund Burke

A

Conservative, condemns French Revolution and predicts it will cause violence and a military dictatorship

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21
Q

Why did the frev get radical?

A
  1. Economic problems- inflation and Laissez-faire stuff angered workers
  2. Royal family- people are suspicious
  3. Counterrevolution -other provinces, some clergy, religious peasants
  4. War- causes more violence and radicalism
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22
Q

When was the liberal phase?

A

1789-91

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23
Q

When was the radical phase?

A

1792-94

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24
Q

Declaration of pillnitz

August 1791

A

Austrian and Prussian rulers promise to restore order in france if other nations will help
Girodins think we need to go to war

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25
France declares war on Austria | April 20, 1792
Louis supports bc he things France will lose
26
Brunswick manifesto | July 25, 1792
Austria and Prussia threaten revolutionaries with violence if telnet hurt the King and Queen Ironically, it inflames violence
27
Early radical people?
Jean-PAUL Marat and George Danton | Create Paris commune
28
Second French Revolution | August 10, 1792
Armed mob storms Tuileries and arrest king Constitution of 1791 is revoked National convention is elected, more radical
29
September massacres | 1792
Fearing that prisoners will aid Austria/Prussia, revolutionaries massacre thousands of prisoners
30
France is declared a republic | September 20-32, 1792
After victory in battle of valmy, NC abolishes monarchy
31
King is tried and executed | Jan 21, 1793
Marks start of reign of terror
32
Max Robespierre and the constitution of 1793 | May-June 1793
``` Paris commune executes giro sim leaders The mountain (part of the jacobins) led by max takes over Constitution of 1793 (male suffrage) is passed but not put into action ```
33
Committee of public safety
12 member board, caused reign of terror Committee of general security=police Aided by revolutionary tribunals, who execute over 50,000
34
The vendée
A province of France that rises in counterrevolution against anti catholic and centralizing policies
35
Levée en masse
Everyone has to contribute to the war effort | Fight for liberté, égalité, et fratenité
36
Other reign of terror policies
- set max prices for commodities - abolish slavery (after revolt in st. Dominique) - create new calendar (dechristianization) - festival of supreme being (deistic) - adopt metric system - military victories! Invade Netherlands
37
Max executes other people too! | March-may 1794
March? Enragés (extreme liberals) | May? Danton and indulgents
38
Successes of reign of terror?
Counterrevolution defeated! French armies successful! Inflation is going down! But Max is still killing people
39
Law of 22 prairial
Loosens standards for proof of treason and suggests more executions Causes opponents to rally against max, who is executed in July 1794
40
When was the Thermidor and directory?
1795-99
41
Constitution of year III | 1795
After reign of terror All males can vote, but electors choose representatives 5 directors make up directory, who rule for 4 years Faces opposition from left and right
42
Conspiracy of equals | 1796
Extremists attempt to established socialist govt, are executed
43
Coup d'état of fructidor | Sept 1797
Royalists win elections, but directory annuls results and maintains power
44
Coup d'état of Brumaire | 1801
Napoleon and two others overthrow and create consulate | N soon outsmarts the other 2 and proclaims himself first council for life
45
When did Napoleon rule?
1799-1814
46
Napoleons policy on governance
``` Legislative corps pretty much had to approve whatever the emperor said Created professional bureaucracy Prefects from each district report to n Used plebiscites to gain public support Press was censored, secret police ```
47
N's legal and social policies
Careers open to talent | Napoleonic code- national laws represent ideals of merit and equality, but restrict women's rights
48
N's economic and financial policies
Modernized infrastructure (roads, bridges, monuments) Established bank of France (modernize tax system) Industrial stimulation)? Not so much
49
N's educational policies
Established nationwide system of schools (lycée) for everyone and technical universities
50
N's religious policies (concordat of 1801)
Pope regains some control of clergy and Catholicism is acknowledged as majority However, France keeps properties and veto power N is pretty tolerant
51
Why was Napoleon so darn successful in war?
1. Movement- strike quickly 2. Defying tradition- ATTACK on Sunday's, night, etc 3. Offensive 4. Propaganda- Napoleon is a liberator! 5. Citizen armies- war is for people, not mercenaries
52
Peace of Amiens | 1802
France at peace with Britain after N defeated first 2 coalitions Didnt last at all
53
Treaty of Tilsit | 1807
Napoleon defeats Austria, Prussia, and Russia | Master of the continent! Everyone is annexed, allied, or neutral!
54
Battle of trafalgar | 1805
Gb effectively defends its country from N
55
Continental system
Forced nations to embargo British goods Did not work very well Russia withdrew, so France had to invade
56
Napoleons defeat?
Forced to retreat from Moscow Defeated by Germany at battle of nations (1814) Ultimately at Waterloo (1815)
57
N's 2 goals for foreign policy
1. Give conquered lands ideals of enlight and frev | 2. Gain territory and influence for France
58
N's Policies in conquered states?
- Abolished feudalism and centralized govt and law codes - created republics and appointed relatives to rule - tried to cut Britain off
59
What happened to the HRE?
N declared it a confederation of the Rhine with 35 states
60
What happened to Poland?
Duchy of Warsaw (like a mini Poland) is created
61
Peninsular war
The people in Spain hated him bc he appointed his brother to rule Spain, so they did a guerrilla warfare thing
62
What did women gain/not gain?
During moderate phase they gained rights about divorce, property, and child custody Many declarations and secret society's were killed (like olympe de gouges) Napoleonic code sucked So in all? Not really anything, but established agenda
63
Causes of frev
1. Social inequality 2. Political (parlements) 3. Intellectual (kinda enlight) 4. Economic

AP Euro (17 decks)

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