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Renaissance/Exploration Flashcards

(101 cards)

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0
Q

Condotieri

A

Military leaders with mercenary armies

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1
Q

Popolo

A

Common people

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2
Q

Sforza family

A

Condotierri to signori, ruled Milan harshly

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3
Q

Medici, Lorenzo, Cosimo

A

Ruled Florence from behind the scenes

Great patrons

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4
Q

Pope Alexander VI and Cesare Borgia

A

Most ruthless political pope and son, established authority of Papal States

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5
Q

Charles VIII

A

French king, called by Milan to invade Italy and kinda took over

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6
Q

Savonarola

A

After French invasion, he became leader of Florence, wanted people to get rid of all sins, eventually got burned at the stake by the pope

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7
Q

Hapsburg-Valois wars

A

HRE and France fight for Italy

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8
Q

Charles V

A

HRE, sacks Rome

Becomes charles I to Spain

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9
Q

Francesco Petrarch

A

Studied ancient roman works and thought they should be models
Thought he was at dawn of new era
Proposed education based on classics
Father of humanism

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10
Q

Cicero

A

Roman author, prime example of what humanists looked at
Eloquent and persuasive
Supported republic

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11
Q

Leonardo Bruni

A

Linked decline of Latin to decline of roman republic
First to divide history into ancient, medieval, and modern
Was obsessed with Cicero

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12
Q

Marsilio Ficino

A

Lectured to florentine elite
“Platonic Academy”
Translated plato into Latin, attempted to synthesize Plato and Christian

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13
Q

Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola

A

Thought there was a chain of being
Man is great bc can ascend or descend
So no limits to mans capability

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14
Q

Vasari

A

Wrote about excellent artists who showed virtù

Includes himself

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15
Q

Leon Battista Alberti

A

True renaissance man: wrote, designed, and invented a lot
Wrote a biography of himself, kinda stuck up
Also wrote about ideal country house

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16
Q

Thomas more

A 
Wrote utopia, perfect society
Christian humanist
All kids educated in gr, adults do manual and intellectual stuff
No hunger
No disagreements or private property
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17
Q

Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier

A

Instructions for perfect gentleman
Should be good in academic, spiritual, and physical
Could sonnet, wrestle, sing, math, and be eloquent!!
Girls? Smart, musical, artistic, beautiful

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18
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

Wrote the prince
Ruler should protect order and security by any means
Wrote about Cesare Borgia, who used good military tactics and murdered enemies
Judged by effectiveness, not morals
Practical

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19
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Criticized popes in a praise of folly
Thought Bible should be translated so everyone can read
2 themes: education is means to reform and Christianity is an attitude
Condemned extremists

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20
Q

Filippo Brunelleschi

A

Built done on cathedral of Florence
Commissioned by merchant guilds
Inspired by classical past, designed architecture with balance and harmony

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21
Q

Ghiberti

A

Did bronze baptistery doors

Commissioned by merchant guild

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22
Q

Pope Julius II

A

Commissioned Michelangelo to paint ceiling of Sistine chapel
Had lots of criticisms
Warrior pope

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23
Q

Giotto

A

Artist, pioneer in realism
No more stiffness or fakeness
Late medieval period, served as inspiration

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24
Piero Della Francesca and Andrea Mantegna
Pioneered perspective and 3d stuff
25
Donatello
Revived classical figure with balance and self awareness, free standing sculptures
26
Rogues van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck
Flemish painters, Northern Europe Considered equal to Italians Eyck used oil paints, very realistic
27
Michelangelo
Commissioned by Julius ii to do a bunch of stuff, especially saint peters dome and Sistine chapel ceiling and wall Sculptures: David, pieta Paintings: Sistine chapel, last judgment Architecture: St. Peter's dome, laurentian library
28
Raphael
Commissioned for frescoes Oversaw a workshop and his own school of Athens Write about imitating nature and developing order
29
Titian
Venetian artist Fast Used mannerism: distorted figures and exaggerated color to express emotion
30
Christine de Pizan
Defended women and tried to figure our why they didn't have more rights
31
Charles VII
France, revived monarchy after 100 years war Reconciled burgundy and Armagnac so no civil war Expelled English Organized royal council Strengthened taxes First permanent royal army
32
Louis XI
Spider king Improved army and used it to control nobles and cities Conquered burgundy, Anjou, bar, Maine, and Provence
33
Concordat of Bologna
Pope gets bishops first year of income King gets to select bishops Set up by Francis I of France
34
War of roses
Under Henry IV Two factions of nobles: York vs Lancaster Bad, hurt agriculture and trade
35
Edward IV
Yorkist, defeated Lancaster and reconstructed monarch with his bro Richard III and Henry VII Crushed nobility Established law Used Machiavellian tactics Avoided expensive wars so they didn't depend on parliament for $$
36
Henry VII and royal council
Chose small landowners and urban people instead of nobles
37
Court of Star Chambers
Royal system of courts | Tortures, no juries, illegal, used to intimidate nobles
38
Ferdinand and Isabella
Loosely united two houses of Spain Excluded nobles from council Got right to pick bishops from Alexander VI Had the spanish inquisition to investigate converters and forced Jews to leave Their descendants eventually united Iberian peninsula
39
Prince Henry
Of Portugal "The navigator" Founded a school which trained sailors and explored west coast of Africa (got gold, pepper, and slaves)
40
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese Made it to India!! Returned with cannons and established choke points so Portugal could control trade
41
Hernando Cortés
Spanish conquistador Overwhelmed Aztecs with horses cannons and diplomacy Established Spanish in NA
42
Ferdinand Magellan
Went through treacherous areas at tip of South America | First to circumnavigate
43
John Cabot
Italian who helped claim NA for England
44
Jacques Cartier
Got some of NA for French
45
St Francis Xavier
Jesuit missionary Used wit and zeal Established Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan
46
Francisco Pizarro
Brutal conqueror of Incas Helped by disease Claimed South America
47
Vasco Nunez de balboa
Stowaway hijacked a ship across panama | Discovered Pacific Ocean
48
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided world in half for colonization
49
Encomienda system
Theory: settlers given land and native labor, protected workers and taught Christianity Reality: brutal exploitation of native people (potosi mine)
50
Bartholome de las Casas
Defended native people Write book about devastation and abuse Reformed encomienda system, but was too late
51
Middle Passage
12 million African slaves go across Atlantic | Horrible
52
Council of the Indies
Spanish council that administered policies about natives
53
Viceroyalty
New world was divided by Spain into two of these (New Mexico and Peru) which were subdivided for more control
54
Audiencias
Advisory bodies and courts for Spanish governors overseas
55
Gerardus Mercator
Flemish mapmaker | Produced first globe and modern world map
56
Michel de Montaigne
French lawyer and inventor of essay | Influenced by de las Casas and native culture, skeptically viewed European customs
57
Commercial revolution
Acceleration in global trade involving new goods and techniques
58
Effects of commercial rev
Population growth | Inflation
59
Gentry
Independent farmers that produced cash crops for the market | Like bourgeoisie, everyone kinda hated them BC they tried to be nobles
60
Fuggers
The Medici of Germany Close with monarchs Often funded exploration
61
Putting out system
Entrepreneurs put out raw material for families to finish and sell Especially in textile Signaled end of guild system Halfway to factories!!
62
Three principles of mercantilism
Scarcity-- resources are ltd, good thing to one hurts someone else Wealth=specie(gold and silver) flowing into the nation (maximize exports and minimize imports) Gov intervention-- though didn't own the production, took an active part in it
63
Hundred Years' War
(1337-1453) Series of wars between France and England about french throne. Destroyed medieval warfare. Joan of arc turned tide towards France
64
Babylonian captivity
Since 1307, papacy lived in exile in France
65
Great schism
1378-1417 | French and Italian popes forced Europe to choose sides
66
Conciliarism
Attempt to use church councils to solve great schism and check power of the papacy
67
John Wycliff & John Huss
Attacked power and wealth of the church, called for simpler Christianity, set stage for reformation
68
Why was Italy where the Renaissance happened?
1. Geography-crossroads for trade and classical history 2. Urbanization- 25% of Italians lived in cities, magnet for trade/culture 3. Social factors- poor nobles often married rich merchants, wealth and cultural achievements outweighed status 4. Political variety- city states mean there's no central government to censor and artists and intellectuals could move around freely
69
Virtu
True excellence | Uses mind to contribute to ones city state
70
Patria potesta
Make head of a family, had a lot of power
71
Lorenzo valla
Excelled in ancient languages (philology) | Demonstrated important papal document was a forgery
72
Masaccio
Employed perspective geometry and realism in eg expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden, depicts agony and shame
73
Christine de Pisan
French noblewoman, published one of the first modern statements of feminism First to make a living on her own writings
74
Isabella d'Este
First lady of the world | Conducted diplomacy on behalf of husband, set up schools for gis
75
Peace of Lodi
Ensured peace for Italian peninsula using balance of power for about 40 years
76
Florence
Govt: republic led by guilds, but Medici secretly dominated Center of banking and textiles Queen City of the renaissance
77
Milan
``` Military dictatorship (viscontis) Strategically located for trade ```
78
Viscontis
Ruled Milan for centuries
79
Condottiere
Mercenary soldiers
80
Papal States
Technically ruled by pope, actually an elective monarchy
81
Renaissance papacy
1417-1540s Not good, popes concerned with politics, luxury, art, and rebuilding Rome Caused Protestant reformation
82
Venice
Technically a republic, really a wealthy oligarchy Nicknames serene republic Big trading power BC of contact with Byzantine empire
83
Doge
Leader of Venetian govt, chosen by two bodies of wealthy merchants
84
Book of gold
Registry of leading families in Venice | Full citizenship rights given if in book
85
Naples
Feudal monarchy, eventually won by Ferdinand of Aragon | Didn't participate much in the Renaissance
86
What did the new Monarchs in Italy try to do after 14th century disasters?
Centralize power
87
How new monarchs centralize power?
1. Taxation 2. Taming aristocracy 3. Uniform laws 4. Controlling war 5. Bureaus 6. Religious control
88
Francis I
Renaissance king of France | Gained control of french clergy through concordat of Bologna
89
Ivan III the great
Drove out Mongols from Russia | Claimed Moscow was the 3rd rome
90
Ivan IV the terrible
Hated nobles a lot | Continued Russian expansion
91
Mysticism
Belief that a Christian could bridge the gap between them and God through meditation, prayer, and devotion
92
In which area did women experience the greatest opportunities during the ren?
Education
93
New inventions that helped with exploration and what did they do
``` Compass/axial rudder- navigation Quadrant/astrolabe- measure latitude Portolani- detailed maps Caravel- light maneuverable craft Lateen sail- triangular sail Perspective geometry/ptolemy's geographica-provide grid like structure ```
94
Key factor for exploration
Strong, centralized state and bureaucracies | This is why Spain and Portugal were first!
95
New weapons that allows exploration
Cannons, steel weapons, plate armor
96
Motivations for exploration
God, gold, and glory! | Plus technological developments and political motivations
97
Columbian exchange
Cultural and economic diffusion of practices and goods across Atlantic Old world got potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, cocoa, gold and silver, beans, corn, peanuts, & syphilis New world got horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, bees, rice, wheat, sugar and hella hella diseases
98
Mestizos
People of mixed race
99
Bank of Amsterdam
Funded commercial dominance of the Netherlands
100
Joint stock companies
Pool resources and share risk | Eg Dutch and British east India companies get a monopoly on trade

AP Euro (17 decks)

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