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AP Euro > Religious Wars (1550-1650ish)/more EMS > Flashcards

Religious Wars (1550-1650ish)/more EMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Francis I

A

Ruler of France

Attempted to stomp out Protestants

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2
Q

Marguerite of Navarre

A

Francis I’s wife

Deeply religious and helped Protestants

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3
Q

Huguenot

A

French Calvinists

Appealed to aristocracy BC they thought they were the elect

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4
Q

Valois monarchy

A

Catholic

In France

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5
Q

Henry II

A

Strong king of France

Death plunged country into conflict over throne and religion

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6
Q

Catherine de Medici

A

Ruled France after Henry II’s death
Politique, wanted stability
Part of Valois monarchy

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7
Q

Henry bourbon

A

Against the Valois monarchy on the Huguenot side

Backed by Protestant nobles

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8
Q

Guise/ultra Catholics

A

Wanted a stronger, more catholic monarch for France

Backed by Jesuits, the pope, & Phillip II

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9
Q

St bartholomews day massacre

A

During wedding between Catherine de medicis daughter and Henry bourbon, rumors break out that the Protestants are plotting to take over
Caused murder of 10,000 french Protestants

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10
Q

Summary of french religious wars

A

13 short wars
Politique Catherine is attacked from both religious sides
Attempts at compromise by Catherine are rejected

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11
Q

War of three Henries

A

Henry guise (ultra catholic) takes Paris
Henry III (Valois) and Henry IV (bourbon Protestant) ally and assassinate him
Henry III is assassinated later
Henry IV takes throne, is blocked by spanish troops, eventually converts to Catholicism & sets bourbon dynasty

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12
Q

Paris is worth a mass

A

What Henry IV said when he converted to Catholicism

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13
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Passed by Henry IV

Allowed Huguenots to practice

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14
Q

Burgundy

A

Aka Low Countries

Aka Netherlands

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15
Q

Iconoclast revolt

A

People in burgundy are upset with Philips IIs taxes and strict religious stuff
So they smash statues & church decorations

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16
Q

Duke of alba

A

Sent by Philip II to subdue the Netherlands harshly

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17
Q

Council of blood

A

Set up by duke of alba
Executed Protestant nobles
Only made things worse

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18
Q

William the silent

A

Leader of the Dutch revolution

From the house of orange

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19
Q

Sea beggars

A

Pirates against Spain

Joined revolutionary cause

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20
Q

Pacification of Ghent

A

Netherlands calls for end of spanish rule

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21
Q

Alexander Farnese

A

Philip II nephew
Sent to subdue Netherlands
Succeeded in winning back 10 southern provinces

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22
Q

Union of arras

A

10 of 17 Burgundian provinces agree to come back to Spain

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23
Q

Union of Utrecht

A

Northern provinces form it with the intent of leaving Spain

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24
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Phillip II is mad that elizabeth I is helping the Netherlands
So he sends an armada but the English ships are smaller and more maneuverable
Signaled rise of Protestantism/England

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25
Twelve years truce
Signed by Phillip III | Granted Dutch independence
26
Spanish Netherlands
The southern 10 provinces that remained loyal
27
Why did the Spanish empire decline?
1. Spain overextended itself, caused high taxes 2. Crusading mentality led to persecution of talented minorities 3. Internal revolts and population decline
28
Moriscos
Muslim concerts to Catholicism | Persecuted in Spain
29
German religious unions
Protestant Union and catholic league
30
Golden bull of 1356
HRE is elected emperor by catholic and Protestant states
31
Ferdinand II | How did he start the 30 years war?
To gain bohemias vote he promised to respect the nobles religious freedom Once they elected him he went back on his promise
32
Defenestration of Prague
Bohemian nobles tossed two imperial officers out of a castle in Prague Elected Frederick v as new king
33
4 phases of 30 years war (1618-1648)
Bohemian Danish Swedish Franco-Swedish
34
Bohemian phase
Ferdinand II (catholic) beat Frederick v (Protestant) at white mountain Ferdinand II is elected emperor, took away land from bohemian nobles and starts a counter reformation Catholics are victorious!
35
Danish
Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) vs wallenstein (catholic?) Wallenstein wins!
36
Edict of restitution
Ferdinand II issues it Returns all confiscated church lands Angered both catholic and Protestant nobles
37
Swedish phase
Swedens Gustavus adolphus enters (Lutheran) and defeats imperial forces
38
Magdeburg
During Swedish phase this city was sacked and burned, killing thousands of civilians
39
Cardinal Richelieu
Advisor under Louis xiii | Brought france into conflict to try to reduce power of the habsburgs
40
Peace of Prague
Signed by Ferdinand III Ended the war and revoked edict of restitution Didn't actually end the fighting tho
41
Franco-Swedish phase
Most violent phase Germany = battleground France defeats Spain at battle of rocroi France is goin up!
42
Philip IV of Spain
Tried to keep fighting against France even tho they had internal rebellions in Portugal and Catalonia
43
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Major turning point! Gaining power? France, Sweden, Prussia, Netherlands Losing? HRE & Spain No European religious unity
44
Military revolution
Gunpowder, mounted foot soldier, mass volleys, and more flexible tactics Governments grew larger, more centralized, and more focused on warfare
45
Philip II
Ruler of Spain Son of Charles I (v of HRE) Protector of Catholicism, started religious wars
46
In which side of Europe was serfdom more strict?
East
47
Pugachev revolt (1770s)
Largest peasant uprising in history In Russia Eventually crushed
48
What happened to illegitimacy rate between 1750-1850
It skyrocketed! Why? Cottage industry meant couples could get income and children were useful Caused infanticide
49
Cottage industry
Earning money at home by finishing products
50
Views on child hood and how they changed
Traditionally? Sinful sprigs of adam that should be punished | 1700's? John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau stress that children need love, guidance, and shielding from the world
51
What country experienced greatest increase of cottage industry and in which field?
Great Britain with textiles
52
Scientific agriculture/agricultural revolution
Changes in crop and livestock farming in the 1700's
53
Charles turnip Townsend (1674-1738)
Agricultural reformer Supported fodder crops like turnips, clover, and alfalfa Potato became a staple
54
Jethro tull (1674-1741)
Used drainage techniques like terracing to clear land Used hoe and seed drill +selective breeding Used enlight reason
55
Enclosure acts 1700's
Allowed wealthy landowners to buy up land and enclose it in large manors Produced a very unequal system Drove people into cities
56
Triangular trade
Between Europe, Africa, and Americas | Allowed for exchange of goods and slaves
57
Effects of global trade
1. Capitalist system of private property 2. Middle class gets richer and merges with aristocracy through marriage 3. Intensification of commercial rivalries -> war!
58
Big rivalries in 1700's?
France vs England | Prussia vs Austria
59
Problems in France leading to Frev
1. Louis xv sucked and didn't really care about govt 2. Parliament in Paris had legal and tax power, so clash with "absolute" monarchy 3. Taxes/economic prices, see Mississippi bubble
60
Mississippi bubble (1720)
France Tried to reform tax system and get rid of war debt through stocks Didn't work, bankrupted thousands and created personal debt for the king France's credit industry lagged behind
61
King in parliament system
Unique! English monarch work with parliament and prime minister to pass stuff
62
Hanoverians
German dynasty that is the new english monarchy! First? George I (1714-1727) Unpopular, but Whigs thought they were better than Catholics
63
South sea bubble
England tried to issue stocks based on profit in SA Stock is overvalued -> big loss But unlike France? Gb recovers!
64
ROBERT Walpole
1sr prime minister Responsible for britains cabinet system Advance commerce and avoid war
65
Eighteenth century warfare?
Strategy! Not as deadly! | Infantry used inaccurate smoothbore muskets and bright uniforms
66
War of Austrian succession
Frederick II (Prussia) attacks Maria Teresa (austria) in defiance of pragmatic sanction France joined Prussia to get rid of habsburgs Britain joined Austria
67
Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
Treat between England and France, preserved most Austrian land
68
Results of war of Austrian succession?
1. France is in a bad position | 2. Austria and Prussia uneasily coexist
69
Maria Teresa's reforms
Centralized collection of taxes and bureaucracy, tripled army, promoted primary education, outlawed torture and death penalty Primary goal? Rep capture Silesia (lost in war)
70
Count Von kaunitz (1711-94) and the diplomatic revolution (1756)
Convinced France to ally with Austria | This forced gb to ally with Prussia
71
7 years war (1756-63$
Fights between gb and Prussia vs Austria and France
72
Treaty of Hubertusburg (1756)
Prussia gets to keep Silesia! | Frederick II fought , plus gb helped and France was disorganized
73
William Pitt the elder (1708-78)
Great Britain | Led hella victories over France on land and especially sea -> gb's victory!
74
Treaty of Paris (1756)
Gb secured dominant position in North America and India France wins back Caribbean Gb is the winner, but France continues to grow
75
Results of treaty of Paris?
1. Set stage for American Revolution in British colonists Bc 2. Set stage for French Revolution BC 3. Set up strong British colonial presence in India

AP Euro (17 decks)

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