Full Year Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Elements of society affected by worldview-(3)
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Social systems
Culture
Political and economic systems
2
Q
Factors affecting worldview-(3)
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Geography
Ideas and knowledge
Contact with other groups
3
Q
Worldview-
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A collection of values and beliefs about life that is common to a group. The basis for the way you act, react, and feel about the world.
4
Q
Society-
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A group of people linked by common activities or interests and sharing a location; a group of humans defined by mutual interests, shared institutions and a common culture.
5
Q
What were the middle ages?
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A historical time in Europe stretching from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 4th century to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century.(Medieval Times)
6
Q
What was the silk road?
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Started in 300BCE with the expansion of the Roman Empire. It was a system of trade routes stretching from Western Europe to the middle East, and parts of Asia. Was responsible for the transportation of goods, foods, and invention as well as disease. Also transported ideas and knowledge.
7
Q
How did the Renaissance begin?
A
More contact-Exchange of ideas-Rapid change.(Especially in Italy)
8
Q
What were the crusades?
A
Christians wanted control over the holy land, Jerusalem, so they asked Pope Urban II and he said yes. He asked all Christians in Europe to retake the Holy Lands. They sent out armies and men to recapture the Holy Lands. Some people sewed red crosses across their clothing as a symbol and called out, “Gods will it.” There were a total of 9 crusades, the majority unsuccessful.
9
Q
Feudal System-
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A political-economic-social system of landholding, in place in much of Europe in the Middle Ages. Class structure roles were very rigid.
10
Q
What was the class structure like during the middle ages?
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King-Higher Clergy-Nobles-Lesser Nobles, Knights, Lower Clergy-Serfs/Peasants.
11
Q
How did trade contribute to a changing worldview? How did trade encourage expansionism?
A
Trade led to contact-New ideas and knowledge-Merchants and traders increased in Europe-They made a powerful new class outside of the hierarchy-Wealth brought power and influence-Influence of leaders and their worldviews-change in worldviews. Because of increased trading, cities began to grow. The largest cities in Europe during that time were Genoa, Venice, Paris, and Florence.
12
Q
What can the Renaissance period be understood as?
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A period of exchange of knowledge and ideas.
13
Q
Time period for the Renaissance:
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1350-1600
14
Q
What happened during the Renaissance?
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People began to learn new things, ancient Greek and Roman thinking was rediscovered, their was a revival of classical art, literature, architecture, and learning.
15
Q
What were the worldviews during the Renaissance and Medieval times?
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Renaissance-Humanism, they still believed in the after life, but also in having a rich and fulfilled life on earth.
Middle Ages-God was the centre of existence. If you were poor, you would have a poor life on earth but a great afterlife, if you were rich, you had to pay to go to heaven.
16
Q
What empire had the largest impact in moving Europe from the middle ages to the Renaissance period?
A
The empires in Asia and Northern Africa had the most impact on Europe’s transition.
17
Q
What was exchanged on the silk road?
A
Silks Pepper Cinnamon Spices Glassware Paper
18
Q
What was the most important contribution to other nations that the silk road had?
A
The movement of ideas and knowledge.
19
Q
What was the purpose of the crusades?
A
To gain control of the holy lands that many cultures should rightfully be theirs given their cultural history.
20
Q
Feudalism:Form of government that had_________.
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Hierarchy or classes.
21
Q
What were some reasons for growth of city states?
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Increased trading.
22
Q
What were the main city states known for?
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Florence-Leonardo DaVinci, highly successful bankers and silk and wool merchants, medici family.
Genoa-Main commercial gov’t city, centre of trade and commerce, surrounded by high walls, Christopher columbus, republic.
Venice-Marco Polo, Johanne of Speier, printing presses, aristocracy/oligarchy.
23
Q
City-State-
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A city that governs itself and the countryside surrounding it.
24
Q
Urbanization-
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The movement of a population away from the countryside and into cities.
25
Sovereignty-
Supreme power and authority;the freedom of a country or political unit from outside control
26
Humanism-
A system of thought that centers on humans and their values, potential, and worth; concerned with the welfare of humans.
27
Why is humanism important?
In the Renaissance people began to realize what humanism was and started to live more fulfilled lives.
28
How did scholars, mathematicians, philosophers, artists, scientists, and writers affect the Renaissance?
They all spread the ideas of humanism and ideas and knowledge.Scholars and Philosophers-Went to universities and exchanged ideas.
Artists-Art focused on religious themes and humanism.
Scientists and Mathematicians-They made people ask questions and search for natural cause.
29
Perspective-
A way of looking at the world.
30
Michelangelo-
Created art that was very realistic, great Renaissance painter, sculptor, artist, architect, poet, and engineer. Created David, Sistine Chapel, Pieta.
31
Leonardo DaVinci-
One of the best known Renaissance painters, introduced sfumato, ideas ahead of his time, Scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, musician, architect, and writer.
32
Copernicus-
Earth revolvement theory, his writings were banned as they questioned the beliefs of the RCC.
33
William Shakespeare-
Writing that was inventive use of language and their insights into human nature, wrote for all classes.
34
What was education like in the Renaissance-
Provided by the RCC. Focused on Rhetoric, grammar, and logic.
35
What was a Renaissance family like?
All extended family in house, father ruled finances, property and decision making for everyone, mother maintained household and helped everyone succeed, children were mini-adults and given duties as such, arranged marriages for children(girls by 16, men 30-40.)
36
Protestant reformation-
The 16th century movement to reform the doctrines and practices of the RCC which resulted in protestant churches.
37
Who was Martin Luther an what effect did he have on the Renaissance?
He was a german priest and professor at the university of Wittenberg, he was one of the most important reformers. He spread the ideas of humanism, he believed following the church was not enough to get into heaven, individuals should seek out personal religious understanding, and individuals should not pay to have their sins forgiven. He began to speak publicly and wrote a pamphlet of 95 church reforms he felt necessary. He was banned. So he started his own church. This spread across Europe.
38
Expansionism-
A gov't policy encouraging territorial or economic expansion to other countries, often by force.
39
What was the age of discovery?
It began during the Renaissance in the early 15th century and continued into the 17th century. A European desire to expand their influence to other parts of the world. Increasing Expansionism.
40
What were the influences of Spain, Portugal, England, and France?
Since they were to far from the east, they had to deal with middle men for trade of exotic goods. As the four places became more centralized states, they became more powerful. Monarchs and wealthy merchants paid for voyages of exploration to find new trade routes east. They encouraged expansionism.Portugal-Bartholomew Diaz-Expanded eastward to china. Spain-Columbus. England-John Cabot-Claimed parts of North America. France-Jaques Cartier-Claimed land along St.Lawrence.
41
How did the age of discovery begin?
New values favoring travel and exploration, increased consumerism, and accumulation of wealth, fueled the race for new trade routes.
42
Imperialism-
The policy of a country or empire to extend its authority or domination by political, economic, or military means.
43
Ethnocentrism-
A belief that ones own culture or race is superior to others.
44
How did ethnocentrism lead to conflict?
They did not treat others as equals, the Europeans had little regard for the indigenous peoples.
45
How did Imperialism affect European worldview?
They learned there were entirely different civilizations and histories than there own;Different personal liberties, different leadership and consensus gov't, their lack of emphasis on individual property ownership. They took gold from central and south America which caused inflation.
46
What aspects of society developed as a result of the Renaissance?
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Art
Astronomy
Education
Science
Architect
Religion
Economic and political systems
Social systems
Education.
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47
What was the Edo period?
1603-1867, peaceful 200 years of isolation to most of the world.
48
How does Japans geography make it more prone to isolation?
It is made up of a series of islands and is surrounded by the ocean.
49
Emperor-
Hereditary ruler of Japan.
50
Daimyo-
Feudal lord of a region in Japan.
51
Shogun-
Leader of the military government in Japan.
52
Bakufu-
Centralized military government in Japan headed by the Shogun.
53
Why did Japan isolate itself from so much of the world?
Tokugawa did not want western. exposure, they wanted ti keep their sovereignty, they did not want christian exposure/Christian Daimyo to follow their spiritual leader instead of the shogun.
54
Why did the Japanese Shogun close the doors to Japan?
They feared a loss of absolute control because of Christian Daimyos not viewing the shogun as their ultimate authority.
55
National Seclusion Policy-
A series of edicts to tighten control over Daimyo and control the influence of foreigners. From 1633-1639.
56
What is one National Seclusion Policy term that I have trouble remembering?
Portuguese ships are banned from Japanese ports. Any ship disobeying this order will be destroyed and it's crew and passengers executed.
57
What were the political systems like in Japan?
Very hierarchical, Daimyo had full administrative control over his land and expected those living on it to pledge allegiance to him. Two levels of government in each domain, local-Han, and higher centralized government-Bakufu.
58
How did the Bakufu rule the Daimyo?
They created a series of laws.Ex) No unnecessary contact with other Daimyo, only one castle in each domain, Daimyo must support public building projects, Daimyo required to spend every second year in Edo, D marriage must have permission of Daimyo, travel and shipbuilding are restricted.
59
How did the Japanese worldview differ from the rest of the world?
Ask---
60
Edo-
Centre of shoguns military government. Capital. Lit on fire in 1657.
61
Kyoto-
Ancient Capital, rich, home of the imperial palace, produced fine silks and luxury items, had the Emperor.
62
Osaka-
Large commercial centre, centre of rice market and trading.
63
What factors influenced change in Meiji Japan.
Influence of Russia, Europe, China, and USA. Commodore Perry. The Iwakura Mission.
64
What was the charter oath?
Outlined the goals of the new regime, decreed that future policies would be based on the consensus of the Daimyo of all domains. Ex)Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters discussed by public discussion, All classes, high and low, shall unite in vigorously carrying out the administration of the state.
65
What were two goals of the new government in Meiji Japan?
- Modernize and make economy grow.
| - Renegotiate unequal treaties.
66
How did Japan change politically and economically?
Political system-Used the creation story to their advantage when they made the Emperor sacred and inviolable. Charter oath. Economically-Industrialization,
67
What major changes happened to Japanese culture while they were isolated?
They tried to institute shintoism in Education, military, etc. instead of buddhism and confucianism because they believed that if they all had the same beliefs that it would help unify japan. Commoners and peasants began to speak of their unfair lives and demanded more, this scared the leaders. People began to believe that for japan to succeed they had to succeed
68
What year did they actually begin to open the doors to Japan and when did they actually begin to allow other cultures to be influenced by other nations?
1854, ?.
69
Democracy-
A form of government in which the citizens have power either directly or through elected representatives.
70
Constitutional government-
A government in which operation is controlled by a set list of rules.
71
Prefecture System-
An administrative district in Japan, somewhat like a large country.
72
Why did the leaders of Japan feel that they unifying the country would help it modernize?
They needed the support of their former domains and military, they used past relationships to their advantage by getting the Daimyo to surrender their lands and consensus records to the imperial government. They then asked, in a petition to the emperor, to be placed under a set of unified laws and regulations. In 1871, all domains were abolished and replaced by prefecture systems.?
73
Liberal-
Favouring of a relaxing of social traditions; favouring personal freedom.
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Conservative-
Averse to rapid change; favouring the status quo.
75
Why did Japan create a constitution? What constitution did they model?
-Most strong European countries had constitutions.
-Western countries would regard Japan as a stronger nation if it had a western style constitution.
-A constitution would unify Japan.
They modeled Germany's constitution.
76
Why did Japanese government think that industrialization would help modernization?
They thought it would jump-start Japan's modernization and bring industries up to speed with the Western Nations.
77
Capitalism-
A society with an economic system that depends on private investment and profit.
78
How did the Japanese military change?
It used the British navy and German army as models, built up a strong naval squadron and army trained upon western model, had gunboat diplomacy and bushido code.
79
Gunboat Diplomacy-
Political negotiation supported by the threat or use of military force.
80
What role did religion play in Japan changing?
They wanted to make shintoism the national religion instead of Confucianism and Buddhism. This confused many people as confucianism was still being taught in schools. They believed that having everyone believe in one culture would unify the country.
81
How did peoples attitudes change?
Liberty, individualism, and nationalism became important. People did not used to value individualism. People believed that if Japan was to succeed, then the individual had to succeed.
82
What problems emerged from rapid change?
They recognized the dangers to its sovereignty from the countries visiting its shores, but its leaders also recognized the opportunities these other societies could bring to Japan. So they sent out on a quest to become militarily powerful and economically self-sufficient so that it was considered an equal.
83
Compare Edo and Meiji government-
Edo-Feudal system. Residents had to be loyal to Daimyo and Daimyo to Shogun. Han-Bakufu-No individual rights.
Meiji-Centralized government-No feudal system-Loyalty to emperor
84
Compare Edo and Japan land ownership-
Edo-Domains that were property of Daimyo.
| Meiji-Domains abolished, prefectures or districts, farmers could own their own land.
85
Compare Edo and Meiji Taxes-
Edo-Required to pay tax to shogun in product.
| Meiji-Taxes paid to central government, were money.
86
Compare Edo and Meiji military-
Edo-Large Shogun navy, small Daimyo navy.
| Meiji-Military required.(Conscription)German model for army and British for navy.
87
Reconquista-
The Christian move to retake the Iberian land under Muslim control. First led by Castile.
88
Why did Isabella and Ferdinand bring back the Spanish inquisition?
Isabella believed it would unify the country if everyone followed the same religion, Ferdinand saw the struggles around religion as an opportunity to control people.
89
How did contact with the Moors influence Spain?
Contact with them led them to believe that it was their duty to carry forth the word of God and convert non-believers to Roman Catholicism. Spanish Conquistadors carried on this belief.
90
Olmec-
Founding society of all meso-american societies. Lived in present Veracruz, Mexico. Had greatest sculptors of their time.
91
Teotihuacan-
Refers to the ancient civilization and to its altepetl where a mysterious people dwelled. Aztec were impressed by their enormous ruins left behind by the Teotihuacan. Aztec copied their layout.
92
Toltec-
Capital city called Tula, Aztec believed the Toltec were masters at creating a refined society, they wrote many poems and told stories about them.
93
What were the classes of the Aztec?
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Nobility-Ruling class, occupied top positions in government, army, and priesthood.Emperor. Owned their own land. Held jobs of administrators, judges, and clerks. Responsible for keeping records of newly conquered lands, tribute, Eagle and Jaguar knights.
Commoners-Pochtea-Mayeques-Tlacotin-Able to improve class. Could be military or priests, merchants, artisans, long-distance travellers. Could have land. Received small share of produce, but were forced to pay taxes.
Priests-All class boys could study to become one. Men in priesthood did not marry. Young women could enter priesthood but were given specific roles.
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94
What were the classes of the spanish?
Nobility-Cery powerful, ruled their estates almost like monarchs, very disdained manual labor and commerce, and judged an individuals worth by social position rather than achievement. Spanish Grande was highest class, lesser referred to as don, minor referred to as hidalgo.
Commoners-90% of the population. Lived on and worked large estates that belonged to nobles, professionals trained law, religion, or medicine. Independent merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, and traders all had higher class.
Priests-Religious leaders in parishes or joined formal religious orders. Generally better educated, provided school for these children, often had to look for work.
95
Aztec education-
Free for all, started in teens, till marriage. Taught religious rituals, songs, and writings. Taught rhetoric, music/music playing, memory, and history.
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Spanish education-
Tightly linked with RCC. RCC offered elementary for most. Taught work related skills, farming, carpentry- to the boys. And to the girls household skills-sewing, cooking. Wealthy families mostly home tutored and went to university. Daughters of nobles sometimes attended schools of royal court, but mostly private home lessons.
97
Aztec government-
Emperor chosen by council of wisemen.
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Cortes-
Controlled the national treasury, and the king and queen were required to get approval for all major expenditures.
99
Spanish economy-
Mainly agriculture and manufacturing of wool products. Along the mediterranean sea coast, Barcelona, and Valencia were major seaports for importing and exporting goods. While under moorish control, agriculture flourished. But when Ferdinand and Isabella came to power, agriculture was limited.
100
Spanish economy problems-
Manual labor was not held in high regard, nobility bought land and left it uncultivated. With little agricultural investment, economy suffered. During wars, Spain had nobody to trade with, they wanted guns not wool. They did not expand their manufacturing production while others did. Inflation occurred.
101
What was the massacre of unarmed Aztec?
Cortes had o leave tenochtitlan to sort out problems regarding his arrest for disobeying his leader, during his absence, the remaining Spanish massacred the Aztecs during one of their festivals. They were so outraged that they fought back so ferociously and the Spanish had to retreat to the centre of the city.
102
What was the timeline from Cortes arrival to defeat of the Aztecs?
Spanish arrival-Aztec meet Spanish-Cortes gathered allies-1519, Cortes and Moctezuma met-Cortes left to sort out arrest-Massacre of unarmed Aztecs-Moctezuma ordered to speak to Aztecs-Moctezuma killed from stones-Attack continued-1520, Noche Triste-Spanish retreated to Tlaxcala for five months while Aztec died of smallpox-Cortes returned and continued battle-Aztec surrendered on August 13, 1521-Spanish destroyed city-1522, Cortes became governor.
