Functional Areas of Practice

Question 1

Functional Areas of Practice

Answer 1

Activities and specialties of professional planners. Public sector planners (govt, planning agencies, state and feds), Private sector planners (consultants, real estate), and Non-Profit or Non-Govt Agency Planners

Question 2

Policy

Answer 2

A principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A statement intent that is implemented through a procedure. They provide rational means for govts to make consistent and transparent decisions.

Question 3

Growth Management

Answer 3

A system of studies, policies, programs, and regulations that guide the type, intensity, location, and timing of growth consistent with a Comp Plan.

Question 4

Tools for Growth Management

Answer 4

large-lot zoning, urban growth boundaries/service areas, Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances (APFO), Impact fees, conservation use taxation, conservation easements, transferable development rights

Question 5

Zoning Ordinance

Answer 5

1. zoning map; 2. zoning districts (uses, densities, lot dimensions, setbacks, open space requirements, lot coverage, impervious surfaces, building heights, minimum house sizes); 3. standards for special use; 4. buffers; 5. parking; 6. sign control; 7. design guidelines; 8. Administrative procedures

Question 6

Future Land Use Plan

Answer 6

Component of the Comp Plan that illustrates the desired form of the community and outlines policies for guiding the relationship between land use change, environmental features, and public improvements

Question 7

Zoning and Land Development Regulations

Answer 7

regulatory tools for implementing the form and policies of the Future Land Use Plan. Addresses the standards of use, intensity, and design at the site level for lots, buildings, landscaping, signage, parking, streets, drainage, and the environment

Question 8

Development (Subdivision) Regulations Role

Answer 8

1. lot design standards; 2. public improvement standards; 3. environmental standards; 4. standards for plan review, permits, and inspection; 5. administrative procedure

Question 9

Board of Appeals

Answer 9

Appointed by city council or BOC; Quasi-judicial body; Conducts public hearings and fact findings for Appeals or Administrative decisions, variances and hardships, and special exceptions

Question 10

Euclidean Zoning

Answer 10

Traditional zoning but with use-separated districts; emphasizes use separation, encourages auto-oriented development, no ped oriented, does not allow mixed uses, forces homogeneous development, inflexible, weak teals for quality of design

Question 11

Planned Unit Development

Answer 11

A planned unit development (PUD) is a type of building development and also a regulatory process. As a building development, it is a designed grouping of both varied and compatible land uses, such as housing, recreation, commercial centers, and industrial parks, all within one contained development or subdivision.

Question 12

Performance-based land use controls

Answer 12

Performance standards and regulatory systems based on performance standards have been used by communities concerned with improving the quality of development, linking implementing mechanisms more directly to comprehensive plan goals, and creating an objective system for ranking community objectives and evaluating proposed projects.

Question 13

Overlay Zoning Districts

Answer 13

Overlay zoningis a regulatory tool that creates a special zoningdistrict, placed over an existing base zone(s), which identifies special provisions in addition to those in the underlying base zone. (see Figure 1). Theoverlaydistrict can share common boundaries with the base zone or cut across base zone boundaries. Often used to create Historical Districts

Question 14

Form-Based Coding

Answer 14

Aform-based codeis a land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physicalform(rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle for the code. Aform-based codeis a regulation, not a mere guideline, adopted into city, town, or county law.

Question 15

Educational Campus Planning

Answer 15

1. System-Level Master Planning (enrollment forecasts, demographic and economic trends, funding, functional staff roles, land planning); 2. Campus Master Planning (residential planning, on and off campus housing, commuting facilities); 3. Issues (traffic, parking, wayfinding, walkability, ped facilities, athletic facilities, historic considerations, relationship with community, adaptability of facilities)

Question 16

Corporate Campus Planning

Answer 16

1. Planning Considerations (corporate mission and philosophy functional role of campus, corporate offices, research and training, productions and assembly, distribution, visitor center, on-campus amenities); 2. Issues (space for expansion, traffic, parking, wayfinding, adaptability of land and facilities, relationship with community, competitiveness, design)

Question 17

Military Facilities Planning

Answer 17

1. Mission-Centered Installations (safety); 2. Land-Extensive Functions (admin, training, research, weapons and equipment manufacturing and testing, naval and air installations, storage; 3. Full Scale Communities (housing, rec, commercial, medical, educational areas); 4. Issues (functionality, safety, security, traffic, walkability, quality of life (families), land conservation, relationship with community, long range planning)

Question 18

Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)

Answer 18

A process by aUnited States federal governmentcommissionto increaseUnited States Department of Defenseefficiency by planning the end of theCold Warrealignment and closure ofmilitary installations. More than 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. Worked on improving relationships with communities by repurposing the land and they are given assistance when the base closes.

Question 19

Joint Land Use Studies (JLUS)

Answer 19

A Joint Land Use Study (JLUS) is a cooperative planning effort conducted as a joint venture between an active military installation, surrounding jurisdictions, state and federal agencies, and other affected stakeholders to address compatibility around military installations. The goal of a JLUS is to reduce potential conflicts between military installations and surrounding areas while accommodating new growth and economic development, sustaining economic vitality, protecting public health and safety, and protecting the operational missions

Question 20

Air Installation Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ)

Answer 20

an active local command effort to work with local, state, regional and other federal agencies, and community leaders to encourage compatible development of land adjacent to military airfields. One purpose of an AICUZ program is to protect the health, safety and welfare of civilians and military personnel by encouraging land which is compatible with aircraft operations. The AICUZ program also recommends land uses that are compatible with elevated sound level, accident potential zones and obstruction clearance criteria associated with military air field operations.

Question 21

Urban Design

Answer 21

A middle range between city planning and architecture in scope and scale. Focuses on visual experience of inhabitants of cities - the harmonious massing and organization of buildings and exterior spaces between them in both the public and private realm.

Question 22

Criteria for Good Urban Design

Answer 22

1. sense of place (unity); 2. easy orientation of users; 3. compatibility of land uses; 4. walkability; 5. protection from weather; 6: “people places” to rest, observe, and meet; 7. sense of security (CPTED - crime prevention through urban design)

Question 23

Public Realm

Answer 23

Belongs to everyone. It comprises the streets, squares, parks, green spaces and other outdoor places that require no key to access them and are available, without charge for everyone to use.

Question 24

Private Realm

Answer 24

Private spaces - not all can access. Suitability of the land and the conditions site; spatial program of site (building size and function, adequacy of utilities, parking requirements)

Question 25

Man and Nature (1864)

Answer 25

written by American polymath scholar and diplomat George Perkins Marsh. Marsh intended it to show that “whereas [others] think the earth made man, man in fact made the earth”. As a result, he warned that man could destroy himself and the Earth if we don’t restore and sustain global resources and raise awareness about our actions. It is one of the first works to document the effects of human action on the environment and it helped to launch the modern conservation movement.

Question 26

Silent Spring (1960s)

Answer 26

Written by Rachel Carson; documented the adverse effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides.

Question 27

Earth Day

Answer 27

First earth day was 1970

Question 28

Watershed

Answer 28

It’s a land area that channels rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers, and eventually to outflow points such as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean.

Question 29

Wetlands

Answer 29

Areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. Water saturation (hydrology) largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and animal communities living in and on the soil. 

Question 30

Lotic

Answer 30

(of organisms or habitats) inhabiting or situated in rapidly moving fresh water (streams and rivers)

Question 31

Lentic

Answer 31

(of organisms or habitats) inhabiting or situated in still, fresh water (ponds and lakes)

Question 32

Aquifers

Answer 32

an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater can be extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer, and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer, pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.

Question 33

Estuaries

Answer 33

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.

Question 34

Marine Systems

Answer 34

Relating to a system of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents and by the absence of trees, shrubs, or emergent vegetation. Water in the marine system is at or near the full salinity of seawater.

Question 35

PDRs

Answer 35

Purchase of Development Rights - provide a way to financially compensate willing landowners for not developing their land. When buying development rights, the community obtains a legal easement, sometimes referred to as a conservation easement, that (usually) permanently restricts development on the land. The landowner, however, still owns the land and can use or sell it for purposes specified in the easement, such as farming, timber production, or hunting.

Question 36

TDRs

Answer 36

Transfer of Development Rights - a zoning technique used to permanently protect farmland and other natural and cultural resources by redirecting development that would otherwise occur on these resource lands to areas planned to accommodate growth and development. Allows landowners in areas typically zoned for agricultural and very low density residential use to capture some of the same financial rewards available to landowners located in areas zoned for suburban and urban land uses.

Question 37

George Perkins Marsh

Answer 37

an American diplomat and philologist, is considered by some to be America's first environmentalist and by recognizing the irreversible impact of man's actions on the earth, a precursor to the sustainability concept, although "conservationist" would be more accurate. The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh. His 1864 book Man and Nature had a great impact in many parts of the world.

Question 38

Yellowstone National Park

Answer 38

World's first national park, located in Wyoming. Established 1872

Question 39

John Wesley Powell

Answer 39

a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, professor at Illinois Wesleyan University, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition, a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers, including the first official U.S. government-sponsored passage through the Grand Canyon. Powell served as second director of the U.S. Geological Survey (1881–1894) and proposed, for development of the arid West, policies that were prescient for his accurate evaluation of conditions.

Question 40

John Muir

Answer 40

an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization.

Question 41

Theodore Rosevelt

Answer 41

26th president of the United States. Made conservation a top priority and established new national parks, forests, and monuments across the country.

Question 42

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 42

known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind. He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping. 

Question 43

LWCF (SCORP) - 1964

Answer 43

The Land and Water Conservation Fund. a Federal program that was established by Act of Congress in 1965 to provide funds and matching grants to federal, state and local governments for the acquisition of land and water, and easements on land and water, for the benefit of all Americans. The main emphases of the fund are recreation and the protection of national natural treasures in the forms of parks and protected forest and wildlife areas. Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans (SCORP) come from this.

Question 44

UPARR - 1978

Answer 44

Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program. To provide Federal grants to local governments for the rehabilitation of recreation areas and facilities, demonstration of innovative approaches to improve park system management and recreation opportunities, and development of improved recreation planning.

Question 45

NRPA Standards

Answer 45

National Recreation and Park Association standards. Recommended guidelines for communities.

Question 46

Sustainability - 3 Pillars (3 Es)

Answer 46

Economy, Environment, and Society.

Question 47

Key Principles of Sustainability

Answer 47

Long-term, future oriented, bounded by limits, natural/geographic, means oriented, holistic/interconnected, participatory

Question 48

Characteristics of Sustainable Plans

Answer 48

Dynamic and demographic, meet future generation's needs, Coordinate the 3 E's, incorporate resilience, link local, region, and global concerns

Question 49

LEED-ND

Answer 49

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design standards

Question 50

ICLEI "Star" Index

Answer 50

The STAR Community Rating System (STAR) is the nation’s leading comprehensive framework and certification program for evaluating local sustainability, encompassing economic, environmental, and social performance measures.  Local leaders use the rating system’s evaluation measures to assess their current level of sustainability, set targets for moving ahead, and measure progress along the way.

Question 51

1975 Café Standards

Answer 51

The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards are regulations in the United States, first enacted by the United States Congress in 1975, after the 1973–74 Arab Oil Embargo, to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) produced for sale in the United States.

Question 52

District Heating/Cooling

Answer 52

a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of insulated pipes for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels or biomass, but heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating, heat pumps and central solar heating are also used, as well as nuclear power. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers. According to some research, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon footprints of all fossil generation plants. A combination of CHP and centralized heat pumps are used in the Stockholm multi energy system. This allows the production of heat through electricity when there is an abundance of intermittent power production and cogeneration of electric power and district heating when the availability of intermittent power production is low.

Question 53

Cogeneration/CHP

Answer 53

CHP - Combined Heat and Power - the use of a heat engine[1] or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. a more efficient use of fuel because otherwise wasted heat from electricity generation is put to some productive use. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants recover otherwise wasted thermal energy for heating. This is also called combined heat and power district heating. Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at moderate temperatures (100–180 °C, 212–356 °F) can also be used in absorption refrigerators for cooling.

Question 54

Geothermal

Answer 54

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

Question 55

Bioenergy

Answer 55

newable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other by-products from a variety of agricultural processes.

Question 56

Emergency Management

Answer 56

he managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Vision. Emergency management seeks to promote safer, less vulnerable communities with the capacity to cope with hazards and disasters. Four phases: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery.

Question 57

Stafford Act

Answer 57

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act) is a United States federal law designed to bring an orderly and systemic means of federal natural disaster assistance for state and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to aid citizens. Congress's intention was to encourage states and localities to develop comprehensive disaster preparedness plans, prepare for better intergovernmental coordination in the face of a disaster, encourage the use of insurance coverage, and provide federal assistance programs for losses due to a disaster. 1988

Question 58

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

Answer 58

Amends the Stafford Act in 2000. Central document for the activities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Question 59

Floodplains

Answer 59

an area of land adjacent to a stream or river which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.

Question 60

First Subway

Answer 60

Boston, 1897

Question 61

First Off-Street Parking Requirements

Answer 61

Columbus, OH - 1903-1913

Question 62

First Limited Access Highway

Answer 62

Westchester County, NY (Bronx River Pkwy) designed by Robert Moses in 1926

Question 63

First transportation study using four-step travel demand model

Answer 63

Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS)

Question 64

MAP-21

Answer 64

 the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act, was signed into law by President Obama on July 6, 2012. Funding surface transportation programs at over $105 billion for fiscal years (FY) 2013 and 2014, MAP-21 is the first long-term highway authorization enacted since 2005.

Question 65

Performance-Based Planning

Answer 65

"performance-based planning and programming (PBPP) refers to the application of performance management principles within the planning and programming processes of transportation agencies to achieve desired performance outcomes for the multimodal transportation system. "

Question 66

Infrastructure Systems

Answer 66

Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. (transportation, communication, sewage, water and electric systems)

Question 67

Public Facilites and Services Planning

Answer 67

K-12 School facilities, colleges, military installations, technical schools, government centers, senior, youth, and community centers, hospitals and wellness centers, libraries, sports complexes, transportation centers/stations

Question 68

Tenemant House Law

Answer 68

1901 New York City law that required toilets and running water and allowed only 70% of the lot coverage by the structure. Required inspections and implemented penalties

Question 69

Hull House / Jane Adams

Answer 69

A settlement house by Jane Adams in Chicago that attracted middle-class people to live in poor urban areas to provide social and educational services

Question 70

Jacob Riis

Answer 70

Wrote "How the Other Half Lives" and "Children of the Poor" in 1890's which spurred housing reform

Question 71

Federal National Mortgage Association

Answer 71

1937 - Fannie Mae - conventional mortgage loans as well as FHA loans

Question 72

Dept of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Answer 72

Created in 1965. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.

Question 73

Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC)

Answer 73

1970 - Freddie Mac - trades in conventional home mortgage loans - deals mostly with savings and loan associations.

Question 74

Community Development Goals

Answer 74

1. Facilitation of local economic growth and job creation; 2. improvement of the physical design and condition of the public facilities available to citizens; 3. provision of a variety of public services tailored to meet the identified needs of community members.

Question 75

Community Development Needs/Issues

Answer 75

ill-defined boundaries, land use conflicts, underutilized land, major weather damage, poor community design, poor infrastructure, lack of jobs, blight, lack of community amenities

Question 76

Ebenezer Howard

Answer 76

Promoted Garden Cities to help overcome social inequalities and economic inefficiencies

Question 77

Clarence Perry

Answer 77

invented the concept of "Neighborhood Unit" (Regional Survey of New York and it's Environs"

Question 78

Norman Krumholz

Answer 78

Equity Planning

Question 79

Basic (Export)

Answer 79

Basic industries, as a result of their foreign exchange earnings, create new incomes and additional spending power in their country's economy.

Question 80

Nonbasic (Local)

Answer 80

primarily small businesses that sell to local customers, including basic and non-basic businesses. Examples of basic businesses include big manufacturing and mining companies, while non-basic businesses include diners, service companies, small consulting companies and convenience stores.

Question 81

Floor Area Ratio

Answer 81

FAR = Floor Area / lot size

Question 82

Economic Base Multiplier

Answer 82

EBM = Total Economic Activity / Basic Sector Activity

Question 83

Shift Share Analysis

Answer 83

standard regional analysis method that attempts to determine how much of regional job growth can be attributed to national trends and how much is due to unique regional factors. Shift share helps answer why employment is growing or declining in a regional industry, cluster, or occupation.

Question 84

Net Present Value

Answer 84

the value in the present of a sum of money, in contrast to some future value it will have when it has been invested at compound interest.

Question 85

Fiscal Impact

Answer 85

a tool that compares, for a given project or policy change, changes in governmental costs against changes in governmental revenues.

Question 86

Per Capita Multiplier Method

Answer 86

the classic average costing approach for projecting the impact of population change on local municipal and school district costs and revenues. Due to its simplicity and ease of operation, the method has been applied to almost every type of fiscal impact situation.

Question 87

Industrial Parks

Answer 87

An area of land developed as a site for factories and other industrial businesses. Aimed at lighter industries, provide appropriate infrastructure and space

Question 88

Research and Development Parks

Answer 88

Typically near a major university, science parks target early stages, and tech parks target production/manufacturing activities.

Question 89

Main Street Programs

Answer 89

Programs to revitalize older and historical commercial districts

Question 90

Business Improvement Districts

Answer 90

a defined area within which businesses are required to pay an additional tax (or levy) in order to fund projects within the district's boundaries.

Question 91

Business Incubators

Answer 91

a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing services such as management training or office space. The National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) defines business incubators as a catalyst tool for either regional or national economic development.

Question 92

Tac Increment Financing

Answer 92

a public financing method that is used as a subsidy for redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects in many countries, including the United States. Facilitate private development by earmarking tac revenue in increments between a base value and a higher value once development is complete.

Question 93

Health and Social Services Planning

Answer 93

Public health, homelessness, unemployment, aging in place, senior communities, childcare, and transportation related to the above. Fed/State funded often, locally run. Lots of private partners.

Question 94

Food Systems Planning

Answer 94

Food systems planning is a set of interconnected, forward-thinking activities that strengthen a community’s food system through the creation and implementation of plans and policies. Individuals and organizations engaged in food system planning identify the opportunities and challenges within communities’ food systems, gather input from stakeholders and deliberate on the actions best suited to respond to challenges, and facilitate and implement actions to strengthen food systems. At its best, food systems planning is rooted in the collaborative partnership between the food system community, including farmers, retailers and consumers, and the local and regional governments.

Question 95

Food Policy Councils

Answer 95

Food Policy Councils (FPCs) bring together stakeholders from diverse food-related sectors to examine how the food system is operating and to develop recommendations on how to improve diet with Garcinia Cambogia. FPCs may take many forms, but are typically either commissioned by state or local government, or predominately a grassroots effort. Food policy councils have been successful at educating officials and the public, shaping public policy, improving coordination between existing programs, and starting new programs. Examples include mapping and publicizing local food resources; creating new transit routes to connect underserved areas with full-service grocery stores; persuading government agencies to purchase from local farmers; and organizing community gardens and farmers’ markets.