Spatial Areas of Practice

Question 1

Spatial Areas of Practice

Answer 1

Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy

Question 2

Means of Federal Planning

Answer 2

Money/grants, legislation, regulation/permitting, land ownership, development

Question 3

Lincoln Highway

Answer 3

the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America. Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City west to Lincoln Park in San Francisco

Question 4

Interstate System

Answer 4

Built in 1956

Question 5

Federal-Aid Highway

Answer 5

Interstate System, Federal Aid Primary Hwy System, Federal Aid secondary Hwy System

Question 6

Federal Highway Funding

Answer 6

TEA (Transportation Equity Act), MAP-21 (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century)

Question 7

Interagency Planning

Answer 7

Three C’s, Corridor Planning, Transit Oriented Development, STP (Surfance Transportation Program - flexible funding for road surface improvements), SIP (Clean Air Act)

Question 8

MPOs

Answer 8

Metropolitan Planning Organizations - Policy, Technical, Citizen committees. Regional Transportation Plan, Transportation Improvement Program, etc

Question 9

FIFRA - 1972

Answer 9

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers, and the environment.

Question 10

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) - 1974

Answer 10

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the federal law that protects public drinking water supplies throughout the nation. Under the SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and with its partners implements various technical and financial programs to ensure drinking water safety.

Question 11

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Answer 11

gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the “cradle-to-grave.” This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardoussolid wastes.

Question 12

CERCLA/Superfund

Answer 12

CERCLA stands for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, known also as Superfund. It was passed in 1980 in response to some alarming and decidely unacceptable hazardous waste practices and management going on in the 1970s.

Question 13

SARA

Answer 13

The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) on October 17, 1986. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) reflected EPA’s experience in administering the complex Superfund program during its first six years and made several important changes and additions to the program. Also revised the Hazard Ranking System

Question 14

Farm Bill (WRP)

Answer 14

a voluntary program offering landowners the opportunity to protect, restore, and enhance wetlands on their property. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) administers the program with funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation.

Question 15

Federal Disaster Relief Act

Answer 15

authorizing the President to provide supplementaryFederal assistance when a Governor requested help and the President approved the request by declaring a major disaster.

Question 16

NFIP/NIRM

Answer 16

a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968(P.L. 90-448). The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection, administered by the government, against losses from flooding, and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings, manufactured homes, or buildings under construction, that are located in a community that participates in the NFIP.

Question 17

Disaster Mitgation Act

Answer 17

Amended provisions in the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 - led to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Question 18

Homeland Security Act

Answer 18

Title V consists of nine sections and it helps to ensure the response time and preparedness of providers for terrorist attacks, major disasters and other emergencies. In addition, it establishes standards, joint exercises and trainings and providing funds to the United States Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency.

Question 19

Army Corps and Flood Protection

Answer 19

Under Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act,the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineersprovides disaster preparedness and response services and advanced planning measures designed to reduce the amount of damage caused by an impending disaster. USACE is prepared and ready to respond to natural and man-made disasters.

Question 20

Section 8 Housing, CDBG

Answer 20

The housing choice voucher program is the federal government’s major program for assisting very low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled to afford decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private market. Since housing assistance is provided on behalf of the family or individual, participants are able to find their own housing, including single-family homes, townhouses and apartments. The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), one of the longest-running programs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, funds local community development activities such as affordable housing, anti-poverty programs, and infrastructure development.

Question 21

National Affordable Housing Act

Answer 21

“1990 - (1) to help families not owning a home to save for a downpayment for the purchase of a home; (2) to retain wherever feasible as housing affordable to low-income families those dwelling units produced for such purpose with Federal assistance; (3) to extend and strengthen partnerships among all levels of government and the private sector, including for-profit and non-profit organizations, in the production and operation of housing affordable to low-income and moderate-income families; (4) to expand and improve Federal rental assistance for very low-income families; and (5) to increase the supply of supportive housing, which combines structural features and services needed to enable persons with special needs to live with dignity and independence.
“

Question 22

Empowerment / Enterprise Zones

Answer 22

TheEmpowerment Zone Programconsists of three US congressional designations. TheRenewal Communities(RCs), Empowerment Zones (EZs) and Enterprise Communities (ECs) are highly distressed urban and rural communities that may be eligible for a combination of grants, tax credits for businesses, bonding authority and other benefits. Highly distressed refers to communities who have experienced poverty and/or high emigration based upon definitions in the law.

Question 23

Neighborhood Stabilization Program

Answer 23

provides emergency assistance to state and local governments to acquire and redevelop foreclosed properties that might otherwise become sources of abandonment and blight within their communities. The Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) provides grants to every state, certain local communities, and other organizations to purchase foreclosed or abandoned homes and to rehabilitate, resell, or redevelop these homes in order to stabilize neighborhoods and stem the decline of house values of neighboring homes. The program is authorized under Title III of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008.

Question 24

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Answer 24

astimulus packageenacted by the111th U.S. Congressand signed into law byPresident Barack Obamain February 2009. Developed in response to theGreat Recession, the ARRA’s primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy.

Question 25

Tennessee Valley Authority

Answer 25

a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter on May 18, 1933, to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizermanufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

Question 26

Hoover Dam

Answer 26

a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives.

Question 27

Tahoe RPA

Answer 27

The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (or TRPA) was formed in 1969 through a bi-state compact between California and Nevada which was ratified by the U.S. Congress. The agency is mandated to protect the environment of the Lake Tahoe Basin through land-use regulations and is one of only a few watershed-based regulatory agencies in the United States.

Question 28

Chesapeake Bay Agreement

Answer 28

Formed an executive council to assess plans to improve water quality and living resources, will form a tehcnical committee to oversee these improvements, and forms a partnership with EPA to help

Question 29

Tri-State Water War

Answer 29

a 21st-century water-use conflict among the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida over flows in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin and the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has regulated water flow for the entire Chattahoochee River, from Lake Lanier in Forsyth County, Georgia, to Alabama and Florida. The states filed suit in 1990 in their conflict over the water supply; federal court has affirmed the Corps' authority to negotiate the conflict.

Question 30

Great Lakes Compact

Answer 30

 legally binding interstate compact among the U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. The compact details how the states manage the use of the Great Lakes Basin's water supply and builds on the 1985 Great Lakes Charter and its 2001 Annex. The compact is the means by which the states implement the governors' commitments under the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement that also includes the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec.

Question 31

Appalachian Regional Commission

Answer 31

1963 - a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. Congress established ARC to bring the region into socioeconomic parity with the rest of the nation.

Question 32

Delta Regional Authority

Answer 32

a Federal-State partnership whose mission it is to improve the quality of life for the residents of the Mississippi River Delta Region. The Delta Regional Authority serves 252 counties and parishes in parts of eight states; t least 75 percent of DRA funds must be invested in economically distressed counties and parishes. Half of DRA funds are awarded for transportation and basic infrastructure improvements.

Question 33

Multistate Regional Tourism Entrepreneurship Project

Answer 33

"The Multi-state Regional Tourism Entrepreneurship Project is a year-long effort focused on stimulating entrepreneurship in tourism-related businesses in the four state region generally extending from Billings, Montana, east to Medora, North Dakota, then south to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and then west to Cody, Wyoming. "

Question 34

Port Authority of NY and NY (1921)

Answer 34

a joint venture between the United States, New York and New Jersey, established in 1921 through an interstate compact authorized by the United States Congress. The Port Authority oversees much of the regional transportation infrastructure, including bridges, tunnels, airports, and seaports, within the geographical jurisdiction of the Port of New York and New Jersey.

Question 35

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (1964)

Answer 35

the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of public transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated; many were first folded into a single agency with the formation of the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) in 1947. The MTA was replaced in 1964 with the present-day MBTA, which was established as an individual department within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts before becoming a division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) in 2009.

Question 36

MTA DC (1965)

Answer 36

 a tri-jurisdictional government agency that operates transit service in the Washington metropolitan area. WMATA was created by the United States Congress as an interstate compact between the District of Columbia, the State of Maryland, and the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Question 37

Multistate Hwy Transportation Agreement

Answer 37

This agreement encourages uniformity in allowable vehicle size and loads, as long as such uniformity is compatible with safe operation of vehicles on member highway systems and does not have an adverse impact on highway maintenance programs. Participation is open to all jurisdictions.

Question 38

State-National Transportation Planning Similarities

Answer 38

Transportation planning, environmental protection, housing and economic development, emergency management

Question 39

Unique State Transp. Roles

Answer 39

Growth management (state zoning, statewide mandates, partial mandates), floodplain management, health regulations, food planning, CZM and marine spatial planning

Question 40

Patrick Geddes

Answer 40

Father of regional planning; 1909 - Valley Section (regional planning model to show complex bio interactions); Wrote 1915 book Cities in Evolution

Question 41

Lewis Mumford

Answer 41

Regional Planning Association of America (1923) and the Culture of Cities (1938)

Question 42

Federal Aid Hwy Act (MPOs)

Answer 42

1962 - led to creation of MPOs

Question 43

Regional Planning Agencies

Answer 43

Intergovernmental coordination, collaboration, and technical assistance (Clearinghouse reviews); plan review, grant preparation and cost sharing, and mandated planning (MPOs)

Question 44

Special Districts

Answer 44

Created by referendum or legislatively; ex - water management districts in Florida

Question 45

Area-Based Regional Planning

Answer 45

Park Agency (Aduribdacks), North Carolina Outer Basnks, Commissions (Cape Cod), New Jersey Pinelands, California Coastal Commission

Question 46

Issue-Based Regional Planning

Answer 46

Economic development, air quality, tourism, transportation, climate change

Question 47

County Planning

Answer 47

Zoning/land use planning, emergency management, parks and rec planning, county roads, utilities, public health (septic tanks), rural economic development, natural systems, watersheds, Ag support

Question 48

TMDLs

Answer 48

A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards.

Question 49

Urban Relationships

Answer 49

Municipal to Fed-State (legislation, preemptions, grants, funding), Municipal to County (annexations, infrastructure provision)

Question 50

Urban Challenges

Answer 50

Aging infrastructure, blight, crime, investments, demographic changes, shrinking populations, housing affordabililty, income disparities

Question 51

Urban Opportunities

Answer 51

Visioning/reimagining, reuse and redevelopment

Question 52

New Urbanism

Answer 52

New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.

Question 53

Agricultural Urbanism

Answer 53

a method of design that incorporates and intensifies agricultural activity across the Transect, promoting a variety of associated economic, environmental and social benefits from a neighborhood's center to its rural edge.

Question 54

Landscape Urbanism

Answer 54

a theory of urban planning arguing that the best way to organize cities is through the design of the city's landscape, rather than the design of its buildings. The phrase 'landscape urbanism' first appeared in the mid 1990s.

Question 55

Green Urbanism

Answer 55

 a conceptual model for zero-emission and zero-waste urban design, which arose in the 1990s, promoting compact energy-efficient urban development, seeking to transform and re-engineer existing city districts and regenerate the post-industrial city centre.

Question 56

Pop-up Urbanism (tactical)

Answer 56

an umbrella term used to describe a collection of low-cost, temporary changes to the built environment, usually in cities, intended to improve local neighbourhoods and city gathering places. Tactical Urbanism is also commonly referred to as guerilla urbanism, pop-up urbanism, city repair, or D.I.Y.

Question 57

Urban Canyon

Answer 57

 a place where the street is flanked by buildings on both sides creating a canyon-like environment. Classic examples of these human-built canyons are made when streets separate dense blocks of structures, especially skyscrapers. Urban canyons affect various local conditions, including temperature, wind, air quality, and radio reception, including satellite navigation signals.

Question 58

Heat Island Effect

Answer 58

an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter.

Question 59

Suburb

Answer 59

Low density, outlying residential area of a city. Post WWII migration from cities (Levittown). Low density housing, auto dependent.

Question 60

Inner Ring Suburb

Answer 60

a term used for a variety of suburban communities that are generally located very close to the centre of a large city (the inner city and central business district). Their urban density is lower than the inner city or central business district but higher than that of the city's outer suburbs or exurbs.

Question 61

Outer Ring Suburb

Answer 61

1960s-1980s. Cul-de-sac developments

Question 62

Outermost Ring / Exburb

Answer 62

 town whose residents normally work elsewhere but in which they live, eat and sleep. The name also suggests that these communities have little commercial or industrial activity beyond a small amount of locally-oriented retail business. Associated with rapid growth areas

Question 63

Sprawl

Answer 63

Auto oriented, low density development, segregated land uses, development of greenfield sites on edge of metro, loss of forest, fields, farmlands

Question 64

Challenges of Suburbs

Answer 64

Loss of traditional community patterns, lack of a "sense of place", lack of community amenities, not walkable, aging population, aging infrastructure (housing, commercial, roads, streets, stormwater), access to jobs and services, traffic congestion

Question 65

Edge Cities

Answer 65

Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau (1991). More jobs than other bedroom communities, located in a previously rural or residential area outside city's downtown. Over 5 million square feet office space, over 600,000 dquare feet of retail, percieved by population as one place, recent

Question 66

Edgeless Cities

Answer 66

Cluster of low density office development; less than 5 million square feet, no clear boundary, not ped friendly, not mixed. From "Edgeless Cities" by Robert Lang in 2003. Example- Philadelphia

Question 67

Small Town Planning

Answer 67

Medium density, mix of uses (jobs often govt, healthcare, small business, or farming); diverse house types; often exhibit sidewalks, street trees, on-street parking; Often have limited infrastructure, limited access to jobs, and limited tax income for municipal services

Question 68

Agricultural Zoning

Answer 68

Limit non-farm uses, prohibits high-density development, restricts subdivision of land

Question 69

Urban Growth Boundaries

Answer 69

Promotes growth within the boundary and severely restricts growth outside

Question 70

Rural/Farmland Preservation Tools

Answer 70

Transfer of development rights (sending and receiving zones), land trusts, conservation easements, down zoning, cluster zoning (concentration of buildings in a certain area)

Question 71

Down Zoning

Answer 71

process by which an area of land is rezoned to a usage that is less dense and less developed than its previous usage

Question 72

Corridor Planning

Answer 72

An area of land along a linear route (road, transit line, waterway). Scale can vary and can scale multiple jurisdictions. Should consider connectivity between zones, compatible land uses, and consistency in design.

Question 73

Transportation Management

Answer 73

Access/demand management, traffic safety and capacity, freight, multimodal facilities/TOD, parking, ped/bike access

Question 74

Neighborhood Planning

Answer 74

Localized community within a larger city, town, or suburb. Often fosters face-to-face interactions. Should consider ped scale, design/scale controls, placemaking and preserving patterns, community services, acces to jobs, rec amenities, connectivy to other neighborhoods.

Question 75

Neighborhood Unit Concept

Answer 75

Developed by Clarence Perry (The Neighborhood Unit in 1929). Diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metro areas.

Question 76

Neighborhood Unit 6 Principles

Answer 76

Major roads should not enter unit but be boundaries; roads should be designed to slow traffic; population numbers should support its elementary school; focal point should be said elementary school; radius of max 1/4 mile for walkability; shopping should only be located on edges, on major roadways

Question 77

Waterfront Planning

Answer 77

Land area bordering a body of water. Diverse mix of uses (industry, commercial, retail, residential, transportation nodes, recreation, water dependent uses)

Question 78

Waterfront Public Access

Answer 78

Acces to many waterfronts cut off by highways, rail, or private development; Should restrore public access through redevelopment

Question 79

Waterfront Tourism

Answer 79

Land use impacts tourism; traffic management challenges abound; manage the seasonal economy and preserve historic character/natural features

Question 80

Historic Districts

Answer 80

A group of buildings, properties, or sites that have been designated by an entity as historically or architecturally significant. First historic district - Charleston, SC (1931). New Orleans also established the Vieux Carre Commission in 1937 to maintain the French Quarter.

Question 81

National Register of Historic Places

Answer 81

Legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. National Register status does not ensure protection however.

Question 82

SHPO

Answer 82

State Historic Preservation Offices - established under NHPA of 1966. Administered various historic preservation programs. Vary by individual state on rules and regs

Question 83

Certificates of Appropriateness

Answer 83

When an owner of a local historic landmark or a resident within a historic district wants to make changes to the exterior of his or her property, a Certificate of Appropriateness (COA) is needed from the historic preservation commission (HPC) in addition to other permits that may apply.

Question 84

Downtown Planning

Answer 84

Main buisness or commercial area of a city or town. Often the cultural or historical center or a town, usually contains the central business district

Question 85

Downtown Plan Elements

Answer 85

transportaiton/transit, ped orientation, parking, infill/redevelopment, adaptive reuse, signage, public spaces/art, placemaking, infrastructure needs, events/tourism, street trees, street cleaning

Question 86

Downtown Development Authority

Answer 86

a type of tax increment finance authority available to a city, village, or township.  Under tax increment financing, an authority captures a defined portion of the property tax revenues in a designated area.  Typically, a DDA captures the growth in tax revenue within a designated development area for use in financing a variety of public improvements in the area, often through the issuance of bonds.  The act says a municipality can create a DDA by resolution in order “to halt property value deterioration and increase property tax valuation where possible in its business district, to halt the causes of that deterioration, and to promote economic growth.” 

Question 87

Main Street Organization

Answer 87

Main Street Inc. is the name of a community revitalization program begun by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the late 1970s. ... Main Street focuses on a holistic approach to revitalization based on the 4-point approach of design, promotion, economic restructuring, and organization.

Question 88

Chambers of Commerce

Answer 88

 a form of business network, for example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community. Local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a President, CEO or ExecutDirector, plus staffing appropriate to size, to run the organization.