Plan Making and Implementation Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Comprehensive Plan
A
“Scope = Entire Community
Time frime = Long Term
Goal= Describe how development might be best accomodated now and in the future.
Implementation = 1. Regulation (zoning, subdivisions, housing ordinances, signs, building codes, taxation)
2. Acquisition (fee simple purchase, dedications, developer agreements, conservation easments, eminent domain)”
2
Q
Strategic Plan
A
“Scope = more focused
Time frame = short-term
Goal = Direct resources to accomplish stated purpose
Implementation = 1. Taxation tools (property and sales tax, tax abatement, CID, Tax Increment Financing (TIF)
2. Expenditures (capital improvements, operating expenditures, retiring bond debt)”
3
Q
Visioning
A
Used to develop a vision statement, a preferred image of the community. Public participation important step. Used at BEGINNING of process. Does not look at existing constraints.
4
Q
Goal
A
Value based statement, not necessarily measureable. Should include purpose, scope, and context
5
Q
Objective
A
More specific than goal, measureable statement of desired end, should include location, character, and timing
6
Q
Policy
A
Rule or course of action that indicates how the goals and objectives should be realized. Should include principles, agreements, resolutions, and guidance for implementation
7
Q
Program
A
series of related, mission-oriented activites aimed at carrying out a particular goal or policy. Should include initiatives, costs, milestones, responsibilites
8
Q
Nominal Measure
A
“Descriptive, label, non-numerical
example - gender, race, colors”
9
Q
Ordinal Measure
A
“Order of values are important, but the differences is not well known
example- very happy, happy, ok, sad, very sad”
10
Q
Interval Measure
A
“Numberic scale in wher we know the order and the difference between values.
Example - 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees”
11
Q
Ratio Measure
A
“Numeric order and EXACT difference known between values and have an absolute zero value.
Example - amount of apples purchased: 0, 1, 2”
12
Q
Qualitative Variable
A
relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity.
13
Q
Quantitative Variable
A
relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.
14
Q
Discrete Variable
A
Discrete variablesare countable in a finite amount of time. For example, you can count the change in your pocket. You can count the money in your bank account. You could also count the amount of money ineveryone’sbank account. It might take you a long time to count that last item, but the point is — it’s still countable.
15
Q
Continuous Variable
A
Acontinuous variableis one which can take on infinitely many,uncountablevalues.
16
Q
Dichotomous Variable
A
Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which have only two categories or levels. For example, if we were looking at gender, we would most probably categorize somebody as either “male” or “female”.
17
Q
Dependent Variable
A
“The dependent variable is what is being studied and measured in the experiment.It’s what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable.An example of a dependent variable is how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age).
(Y)”
18
Q
Independent Variable
A
“The independent variable is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment.Either the scientist has to change the independent variable herself or it changes on its own; nothing else in the experiment affects or changes it.(X)
Example - time or age”
19
Q
Mode
A
“The most frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers. The mode is found by collecting and organizing data in order to count the frequency of each result. The result with the highest number of occurrences is the mode of the set.
A measure of Central Tendency”
20
Q
Mean
A
“The sum of the values in the data set and then divide by the number of values that you added.
A measure of Central Tendency”
21
Q
Median
A
Median”The median is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or a probability distribution). For a data set, it may be thought of as the ““middle”” value. For example, in the data set {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the median is 6, the fourth largest, and also the fourth smallest, number in the sample.
A measure of Central Tendency”
22
Q
Normal Distribution
A
“Anormal distribution, sometimes called thebell curve, is a distribution that occurs naturally in many situations. For example, thebell curveis seen in tests like the SAT and GRE. The bulk of students will score theaverage(C), while smaller numbers of students will score a B or D. An even smaller percentage of students score an F or an A. This creates a distribution that resembles a bell (hence the nickname). Thebell curveis symmetrical. Half of the data will fall to the left of themean; half will fall to the right.
mean = median = mode”
23
Q
Skewed Distribution
A
“If one tail is longer than another, the distribution is skewed. These distributions are sometimes called asymmetric or asymmetrical distributions as they don’t show any kind of symmetry.
A left-skewed distribution has a long left tail. Left-skewed distributions are also called negatively-skewed distributions. That’s because there is a long tail in the negative direction on the number line. The mean is also to the left of the peak.
A right-skewed distribution has a long right tail. Right-skewed distributions are also called positive-skew distributions. That’s because there is a long tail in the positive direction on the number line. The mean is also to the right of the peak.”
24
Q
Range
A
“Range (statistics) The difference between the lowest and highest values. In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9, so the range is 9 − 3 = 6. Range can also mean all the output values of a function.
A measure of Variability”
25
Variance
"the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean. Informally, it measures how far a set of (random) numbers are spread out from their average value.
A measure of Variability"
26
Standard Deviation
"a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.[1] A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.
A measure of Variability"
27
Frequency Analysis
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angularfrequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency.
28
Hypothesis Testing
"Hypothesis testing is the use of statistics to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true. The usual process of hypothesis testing consists of four steps.
1. Formulate the null hypothesis H_0 (commonly, that the observations are the result of pure chance) and the alternative hypothesis H_a (commonly, that the observations show a real effect combined with a component of chance variation).
2. Identify a test statistic that can be used to assess the truth of the null hypothesis.
3. Compute the P-value, which is the probability that a test statistic at least as significant as the one observed would be obtained assuming that the null hypothesis were true. The smaller the P-value, the stronger the evidence against the null hypothesis.
4. Compare the p-value to an acceptable significance value alpha (sometimes called an alpha value). If p<=alpha, that the observed effect is statistically significant, the null hypothesis is ruled out, and the alternative hypothesis is valid."
29
Regression Analysis
In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables (or 'predictors'). More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'criterion variable') changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed.
30
Qualitative Data
Qualitative data is information about qualities; information that can't actually be measured. Some examples of qualitative data are the softness of your skin, the grace with which you run, and the color of your eyes.
31
Descriptive Data
tools, data, and methods to describe the population within an area
32
Trends (demographic)
how demographic data has changed over a period of time
33
Projections
Estimates of future population and population structure
34
Crude Death Rate
deaths / 1000 pop
35
Crude Birth Rate
births / 1000 pop
36
General Fertility Rate
births / 1000 women aged 15-49
37
Age-Specific Fertility Rate
births per 1000 women in specific age group
38
Fecundity
physiological capacity of a woman to produce a child
39
Fertility
acutal reproductive perdomance of an individual
40
Total Fertility Rate
"number of children women are having
Example - US birth rate is 2.1 births per woman"
41
Replacement Rate
"Country's survival rates
Example: 2.06 per woman"
42
Ratio-Step Down Method
An area’s population is proportionally derived from projections of a larger region to which the area belongs.
43
"Cohort Component
(Cohort Survival)"
"he cohort component technique uses the components of demographic change to project population growth. The technique projects the population by age groups, in addition to other demographic attributes such as sex and ethnicity.
"
44
Extrapolation Methods
Extrapolation is a projection technique that uses aggregated data from the past to project into the future. In population projections, past and current census information is used to project future population size. In most cases, extrapolation methods are used for projecting the total population size for a future date in time. However, these tools can also be used to project the size of population segments, provided that both past and current census data are available.
45
Symptomatic Methods
"- Basic assumption in all methods is that changes in related obtainable data are predictive of changes in the population as whole.
- related data includes building permits, vital stats, school enrollment, new telephone hookups, dwelling unit counts, and voter registration."
46
Housing Units Methods
The housing unit method is based on the fact that almost everyone lives in some type of housing structure, whether a single family unit, an apartment, a mobile home, a college dormitory, or a state prison. Recall that the demographic balancing equation is an exact identity of population change (see Chapter 3). In a similar vein, the housing unit method provides an exact determination of the total population;
47
Location Quotient
a ratio that compares a region to a larger reference region according to some characteristic or asset. Suppose X is the amount of some asset in a region (e.g., manufacturing jobs), and Y is the total amount of assets of comparable types in the region (e.g., all jobs). X/Y is then the regional “concentration” of that asset in the region. If X’ and Y’ are similar data points for some larger reference region (like a state or nation), then the LQ or relative concentration of that asset in the region compared to the nation is (X/Y) / (X’/Y’).
48
Shift-share Analysis
a standard regional analysis method that attempts to determine how much of regional job growth can be attributed to national trends and how much is due to unique regional factors. Shift share helps answer why employment is growing or declining in a regional industry, cluster, or occupation.
49
Benefit-Cost Analysis
"a systematic approach to calculating and comparing the benefits and costs of a course of action in a given situation. The goal of CBA is to determine which option returns the optimal ratio of benefits to costs, therefore solve the issue regarding opportunity cost
1. To determine if an investment or decision is sound – verifying whether its benefits outweigh the costs, and by how much;
2. To provide a basis for comparing investments or decisions – comparing the total expected cost of each option against their total expected benefits."
50
Economic Base Analysis
was developed by Robert Murray Haig in his work on the Regional Plan of New York in 1928. Briefly, it posits that activities in an area divide into two categories: basic and nonbasic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region and bringing wealth from outside, while nonbasic (or service) industries support basic industries.
51
Input-Output Economic Analysis
"a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies.[1] Wassily Leontief (1906–1999) is credited with developing this type of analysis and earned the Nobel Prize in Economics for his development of this model.
Because the input–output model is fundamentally linear in nature, it lends itself to rapid computation as well as flexibility in computing the effects of changes in demand. Input–output models for different regions can also be linked together to investigate the effects of inter-regional trade, and additional columns can be added to the table to perform environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA). For example, information on fossil fuel inputs to each sector can be used to investigate flows of embodied carbon within and between different economies."
52
Fiscal Impact Analysis
"FIAM estimates the costs and revenues associated with land use decisions and project future budget balances, providing local government decision makers with a better understanding of the financial impacts of land use decisions and development plans.
1. Average Cost Approach - it is assumed that the cost of inventory is based on the average cost of the goods available for sale during the period. The average cost is computed by dividing the total cost of goods available for sale by the total units available for sale.
2. Marginal Cost Approach - Marginal cost pricing is the practice of setting the price of a product at or slightly above the variable cost to produce it. This approach typically relates to short-term price setting situations."
53
Net Present Value
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project.
54
County Business Patterns
CBP is an annual series that provides subnational economic data by industry. This series includes the number of establishments, employment during the week of March 12, first quarter payroll, and annual payroll.
55
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program publishes a quarterly count of employment and wages reported by employers covering more than 95 percent of U.S. jobs, available at the county, MSA, state and national levels by industry.
56
Person Income, Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all goods and services produced by economic activity in an economy. GDP is equal to the total amount of sales from Montana businesses, minus the total non-wage input costs. Personal income is how much money is received by people in an economy from their economic activity. Personal income includes wages, benefits, proprietor income, dividends, interest, rent, and transfer payments like Social Security and veteran’s benefits. The two concepts are related, and typically show very similar trends. When GDP increases, personal income will also increase. However, these two concepts also have differences.
57
Datum
A datum is a specific, known point on or in the Earth that is used for reference. A projection uses the datum as a point of reference, it's location on Earth. In GIS, there are two types of "coordinate systems": Geographic Coordinate System (latitude and longitude) and Projected Coordinate System (X and Y).
58
Coordinate System
"a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.
Two Types:
1. A global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude-longitude. These are often referred to as geographic coordinate systems.
2. A projected coordinate system such as universal transverse Mercator (UTM), Albers Equal Area, or Robinson, all of which (along with numerous other map projection models) provide various mechanisms to project maps of the earth's spherical surface onto a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate plane. Projected coordinate systems are referred to as map projections."
59
Raster
a raster consists of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into rows and columns (or a grid) where each cell contains a value representing information, such as temperature. Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital pictures, or even scanned maps.
60
Vector
A representation of the world using points, lines, and polygons. Vector models are useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels, and streets.
61
Polygons
On a map, a closed shape defined by a connected sequence of x,y coordinate pairs, where the first and last coordinate pair are the same and all other pairs are unique.
62
Layers
The visual representation of a geographic dataset in any digital map environment. Conceptually, a layer is a slice or stratum of the geographic reality in a particular area, and is more or less equivalent to a legend item on a paper map. On a road map, for example, roads, national parks, political boundaries, and rivers might be considered different layers.
63
Point
A geometric element defined by a pair of x,y coordinates.
64
LIDAR
a surveying method that measures distance to a target by illuminating the target with pulsed laser light and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor. Differences in laser return times and wavelengths can then be used to make digital 3-D representations of the target. The name lidar, now used as an acronym of light detection and ranging[1] (sometimes light imaging, detection, and ranging), was originally a portmanteau of light and radar.[2][3] Lidar sometimes is called 3D laser scanning, a special combination of a 3D scanning and laser scanning.
65
Ian McHarg
"introduced concept of overlaying layers of information on a map
""Design by Nature"""
66
Application Programming Interface (API)
A set of interfaces, methods, protocols, and tools that application developers use to build or customize a software program. APIs make it easier to develop a program by providing building blocks of prewritten, tested, and documented code that are incorporated into the new program. APIs can be built for any programming language.
67
Augmented Reality (AR)
an interactive experience of a real-world environment whereby the objects that reside in the real-world are "augmented" by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory, and olfactory.[1] The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment) or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment) and is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment.[2] In this way, augmented reality alters one’s ongoing perception of a real world environment, whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user's real world environment with a simulated one.[3][4] Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality.
68
Near Field Communcation (NFC)
a set ofcommunication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other.
69
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person.
70
"Mash Up"
digital file that is produced by the integration of various types of files
71
Ordinance of 1785
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States
72
The Regional Survey of New York and its Environments (1929)
"Neighborhood Unit"
73
Greenfield Dev
Greenfield Development refers to the real estatedevelopment of land not previously used for residential, commercial or industrial purpose.
74
Leapfrog Dev
Leapfrog development is defined as the development of lands in a manner requiring the extension of public facilities. The development is made from their existing terminal point through intervening undeveloped areas that are scheduled fordevelopment at a later time.
75
Redevelopment
"Redevelopment is any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses.
Variations on redevelopment include:
-Urban infill on vacant parcels that have no existing activity but were previously developed, especially on Brownfield land, such as the redevelopment of an industrial site into a mixed-use development.
-Constructing with a denser land usage, such as the redevelopment of a block of townhouses into a large apartment building.
-Adaptive reuse, where older structures are converted for improved current market use, such as an industrial mill into housing lofts."
76
Brownfield/Grayfield
any previously developed land that is not currently in use, whether contaminated or not or, in North America, more specifically to describe land previously used for industrial or commercial purposes with known or suspected pollution including soil contamination due to hazardous waste.
77
Infill Development
Many in community development think of infill housing as new houses constructed on vacant, underused lots interspersed among older, existing properties in established urban neighborhoods. However, others broaden the definition to include major refurbishing or reuse of existing homes or buildings.
78
Transit Oriented Development
a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. In doing so, TOD aims to increase public transport ridership by reducing the use of private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth
79
Mixed Use
a type of urbandevelopment that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.
80
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
"a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1, 1970. To date, more than 100 nations around the world have enacted national environmental policies modeled after NEPA.
NEPA's most significant outcome was the requirement that all executive federal agencies prepare environmental assessments (EAs) and environmental impact statements (EISs). These reports state the potential environmental effects of proposed federal agency actions.[4] NEPA does not apply to the President, Congress, or the federal courts.
"
81
Subdivision
the act of dividing land into pieces that are easier to sell or otherwise develop, usually via a plat. The former single piece as a whole is then known in the United States as a subdivision. If it is used for housing it is typically known as a housing subdivision or housing development, although some developers tend to call these areas communities.
82
Agricultural Preservation Zoning
different from a typical agricultural district in a municipal zoning ordinance. Its intent is to support and protect farming by stabilizing the agricultural land base. This is done by designating areas where agriculture is the desired land use and discouraging other types. It places strict limits on the amount of development that is allowed to occur and attempts to retain the farm as a whole tract.
83
Density Bonus
an incentive-based tool that permits a developer to increase the maximum allowable development on a site in exchange for either funds or in-kind support for specified public policy goals.
84
Conservation Subdivision
a design strategy that attempts to preserve undivided, buildable tracts of land as communal open space for residents (Arendt et al.). In a conservation subdivision, ideally 50 to 70 percent of the buildable land is set aside as open space by grouping homes on the developed portions of the land. The process promoted by Randall Arendt begins by identifying land to be conserved and ends with drawing in lot lines for the planned homes (Arendt).
85
Easements
a nonpossessory right to use and/or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it. It is "best typified in the right of way which one landowner, A, may enjoy over the land of another, B". It is similar to real covenants and equitable servitudes; in the United States, the Restatement (Third) of Property takes steps to merge these concepts as servitudes.
86
Stormwater Management
"the effort to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of water quality. Detaining stormwater and removing pollutants is the primary purpose of stormwater management.
In urban and developed areas, impervious surfaces such as pavement and roofs prevent precipitation from naturally soaking into the ground. Instead, water runs rapidly into storm drains, sewer systems and drainage ditches and can cause flooding, erosion, turbidity (or muddiness), storm and sanitary sewer system overflow, and infrastructure damage. However, stormwater design and “green infrastructure” capture and reuse stormwater to maintain or restore natural hydrologies."
87
Growth Management
Sytem of studies, policies, progreams, and regulations that guide the type, intensity, location, and timing of growth consistent with a comprehensive plan
88
Annexation
the process by which cities extend their municipal services, regulations, voting privileges & taxing authority to new territory.
89
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)
the legal ability of a government to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries. it must be agreed either with the legal authority in the external territory, or with a legal authority which covers both territories. When unqualified, ETJ usually refers to such an agreed jurisdiction, or it will be called something like "claimed ETJ".
90
Exactions
" condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires the developer to mitigate anticipated negative impacts of the development.
Improvement or dedication of land. Fee in lieu. Impact fees. "
91
Performance Guarantees
"A Performance Guarantee is issued by an insurance company or bank to a contractor to guarantee the full and due performance of the contract according to the plans and specifications.
A project requiring a payment & performance bond will usually require a bid bond, in order to qualify to bid for the project. A payment and performance bond will then be required of the winning bidder as a security to guarantee job completion.
Should the contractor fail to construct the building according to the specifications laid out by the contract, the client is guaranteed compensation for any monetary losses up to the amount of the performance bond."
92
Line Item Budget
A budget in which the individual financial statement items are grouped by cost centers or departments. It shows the comparison between the financial data for the past accounting or budgeting periods and estimated figures for the current or a future period.
93
Performance Budget
a budget that reflects the input of resources and the output of services for each unit of an organization. This type of budget is commonly used by government bodies to show the link between taxpayer funds and the outcome of services provided by federal, state or local governments.
94
Program Budget
a budget designed for a specific activity or program. This budget includes only revenue and expenses for a specific program. Program budgets are used in many organizations including businesses and schools.
95
Revenue
forecasts of a company's sales revenues and expenditures, including capital-related expenditures. It is essential that you establish whether you possess enough financial means to conduct operations, grow your business and ultimately make a profit.
96
Tax Adjustments
"1. Tax Abatement -a reduction of taxes granted by a government to encourage economic development. The most common type of tax abatement is a property tax abatement granted to a business as an incentive to come to a city or expand existing operations within the city.
2. Improvement District - a defined area within which businesses are required to pay an additional tax (or levy) in order to fund projects within the district's boundaries. The BID is often funded primarily through the levy but can also draw on other public and private funding streams.
3. Tax increment financing (TIF) - a public financing method that is used as a subsidy for redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects. municipalities typically divert future property tax revenue increases from a defined area or district toward an economic development project or public improvement project in the community. TIF subsidies are not appropriated directly from a city's budget, but the city incurs loss through foregone tax revenue."
97
Capital Impovements Budget
expenditures for the next fiscal year
98
Capital Improvements Program
improvements that are scheduled in the succeeding four or five year period
99
Policy
proposed or adopted course or principle of action. OR a contract of insurance
100
Decision Matrix
a list of values in rows and columns that allows an analyst to systematically identify, analyze, and rate the performance of relationships between sets of values and information. Elements of a decision matrix show decisions based on certain decision criteria.
101
Gantt Charts
a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal axis. The width of the horizontal bars in the graph shows the duration of each activity.
102
PERT
"a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique
presents a graphic illustration of a project as a network diagram consisting of numbered nodes (either circles or rectangles) representing events, or milestones in the project linked by labelled vectors (directional lines) representing tasks in the project. The direction of the arrows on the lines indicates the sequence of tasks."
103
Critical Path Method (CPM)
an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities.[1] It is commonly used in conjunction with the program evaluation and review technique (PERT)
