fundamentals - exam 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Pathology
A
Study of diseases + their processes
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
the “steady state” in which cells exists normally; equilibrium
3
Q
Disease
A
An alteration in the homeostatic balance resulting in characteristic signs + symptoms
4
Q
Etiology
A
study of causation of diseases
5
Q
Pathogenesis
A
the mechanisms for the development of a disease
6
Q
What is the purpose for understanding pathology?
A
classification of disease, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, complications
7
Q
What are the divisions of pathology?
A
immunology, hematology, histopathology, cytopathology, + genetics
8
Q
immunology
A
study of the specific defense mechanisms of the body
9
Q
hematology
A
study of blood related diseases
10
Q
histopathology
A
study of disease by looking at changes in tissues
11
Q
cytopathology
A
study of disease by looking at individual cell changes
12
Q
genetics
A
study of abnormal chromosomes + genes
13
Q
systemic pathology
A
division of path that studies specific diseases + their manifestations within different organ systems
14
Q
what are the 4 categories of etiology?
A
damage, degeneration, diet, idiopathic
15
Q
damage
A
physical, chemical, radiation
16
Q
degeneration
A
wear and tear
17
Q
idiopathic
A
unknown origin
18
Q
Examples of morphological change in cells of an organ
A
detectable alterations in the shape of cells, tissues, + organs (ex: fatty liver)
19
Q
Causes of cell injury (examples of each)
A
physical agents, chemical agents, infections, immunological, genetic defects, nutritional, hypoxia, + cellular aging
20
Q
examples of cellular aging
A
damage to DNA from internal or external source
21
Q
examples of hypoxia
A
oxygen deprivation
22
Q
examples of physical agents
A
cuts + fracture
23
Q
examples of genetic defects
A
cystic fibrosis + sickle cell
24
Q
examples of nutritional agents
A
obesity + diabetes
25
examples of chemical agents
pollutants, alcohol, drugs
26
examples of infectious agents
bacteria, fungus, virus
27
examples of immunological agents
allergic rxn, autoimmune disorders
28
What are the reactions of the body to stress
cellular adaptations, reversible cell injury, irreversible cell injury, cell death
29
What can the cell do in response to a stress
30
Factors that affect the way the body responds to injury/stress
type of cell injured, severity of injury, nutrient availability, inflammatory response, regenerative capacity, intrinsic repair mechanism, type of injury, environmental factors
31
labile cells
a continuous renewal of the cell population
32
permanent cells
a static cell population. once damaged they arent replaced
33
stable cells
cell population that multiplies when necessary
34
Examples of labile cells
most cells, skin cells
35
Examples of permanent cells
neurons, myocardial cells, + skeletal muscle
36
Examples of stable cells
liver cells, kidney cells, + smooth muscle
37
What are the ways a cell adapts to stress?
hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
38
hypertrophy
increase in the size of the tissue bc of an increase in the size of cells (hypertension)
39
atrophy
Decrease in the size of the tissue bc of an decrease in the size of cells
40
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
41
metaplasia
change in the type of the cell (barrett's esophagus)
42
dysplasia
disorderly growth of the cells (cervical dysplasia w/HPV infection)
43
substances that can accumulate in cells
iron, bilirubin, calcium, lipofuscin, amyloid, cholesterol, xanthelasma, xanthoma
44
what is an example of a local accumulation of iron?
bruise or hemochromatosis
45
what causes a systemic accumulation of iron?
blood transfusions
46
what is an example of a lipofuscin accumulation?
aging cells
47
what is an example of a bilirubin accumulation?
jaundice
48
what is an example of amyloid accumulation?
alzheimers disease + amyloidosis
49
what is an example of cholesterol accumulation?
xanthelasma, xanthoma, atherosclerosis
50
xanthelasma
plaques on eyelids
51
xanthoma
fat deposits under skin found under joints
52
dystrophic calcification
Calcium deposits in already damaged tissue
53
metastatic calcification
elevated serum calcium levels in normal tissue
54
how does hypercalcemia manifest?
kidney stones, bone fractures, peptic ulcers, depression
55
what is a free radical injury
unstable molecules that damage other cells, common in ECF
56
what are the types of free radicals
ROS (reactive oxygen species) + RNS (reactive nitrogen species)
57
what substance neutralizes ROS free radicals
superoxides, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical
58
what substances neutralize RNS free radicals?
nitric oxide
59
what is oxidative stress?
Imbalance of free radicals + antioxidants; caused by free radicals; plays role in aging process
60
reversible cell damage
cell + organelles swell, fat accumulation, nuclear chromatic clumping, recovery when stress is removed
61
irreversible cell damage
cell dies, necrosis, lysosomes rupture, autoysis
62
what changes occur to the cell nucleus during irreversible cell injury
pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
63
pyknosis
Small dense nucleus
64
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus
65
karyolysis
Total disintegration of nucleus; enzymatic breakdown of dna AFTER cell death
66
necrosis
accidental cell damage
67
cause of coagulative cell necrosis
protein denaturation
68
example of coagulative cell necrosis
myocardial infarction
69
liquefactive cell necrosis
dead tissue that is transformed into a viscous fluid mass
70
example of liquefactive cell necrosis
stroke, abscesses
71
caseous cell necrosis
combination of coagulative + liquefactive; cheese like appearance
72
examples of caseous cell necrosis
Tuberculosis
73
gangrenous cell necrosis
caused by ischemia; 3 types
74
gas gangrene cell necrosis
production of gas accompanied by muscle necrosis
75
examples of gangrenous cell necrosis
diabetes mellitus (wet type), frostbite (dry type)
76
enzymatic cell necrosis
form of fat necrosis, caused by pancreatic enzymes
77
examples of enzymatic cell necrosis
pancreatitis
78
fat cell necrosis
occurs in damaged fatty tissue
79
example of fat cell necrosis
breast cancer, liver damage, acute pancreatitis
80
fibrinoid cell necrosis
aggregates of pink proteinaceous debris
81
examples of fibrinoid cell necrosis
Polyarteritis nodosa
82
apoptosis
programmed cell death with no inflammatory response
83
what regulates apoptosis
nitric oxide
84
what is required for apoptosis to occur
ATP
85
what are the 3 types/causes of apoptosis
embryogenesis, hormone dependence induction, cell delettion
86
examples of embryogenesis apoptosis
fingers + toes are webbed in utero, but apoptosis occurs so they are not out of utero
87
examples of hormone dependence induction apoptosis
death of endometrial tissue during a womans period
88
examples of cell deletion apoptosis
population of cells have normal turnover + die periodically (RBCs dying)
89
initiation stage of apoptosis
activation; cell receives signal to self destruct
90
intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway
caused by internal damage (ex: dna damage)
91
extrinsic (death receptor) apoptosis pathway
caused by external signals (ex: immune cells relapsing)
92
execution stage of apoptosis
destruction phase; cell shrinks, proteins + dna broken down; phagocytes remove. apoptotic bodies to prevent inflammation
93
examples of the nucleus being injured/affected
sickle cell disease (genetic), pernicious anemia (nutritional), skin/thyroid cancer + radiation/free radicals (toxic)
94
examples of diseases that affect the lysosome
gaucher's disease + tay-sach's disease
95
examples of diseases that affect the ribosome
ribosomopathies
96
examples of diseases that affect the endoplasmic reticulum
ALS, alzheimers, MS, parkinson's
97
examples of diseases that affect the cell membrane
familial hypercholesterolemia + retrolental fibroplasia (receptor defects). clostridiuk perfringens (micro-organism damage)
98
examples of diseases that affect the mitochondria
hypoxia, ischemia, +anoxia
99
Example of hypertrophy
Hypertension
100
Example of atrophy
Poliomyelitis
101
Example of hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
102
Examples of metaplasia
Barret’s esophagus
103
Examples of dystrophic calcification
Atherosclerosis
104
Examples of metastatic calcification
Hypercalcemia, metastatic lytic bone disease, multiple myeloma
105
Examples of long-term effects of oxidative stress
Development of cancer, diabetes mellitus, + heart disease
106
Examples of oxygen based free radicals
Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals
