PCCF Tri 2-Gen Pathology > neoplasia - exam 2 > Flashcards

neoplasia - exam 2 Flashcards

(81 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of cells

Neoplasia refers to the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells, which can lead to tumors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Growth of new/abnormal mass of tissue

A neoplasm can be benign or malignant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define oncology

A

Study of tumors + neoplasms

Oncology encompasses the study, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are three ways tumors are classified?

A
  • Benign
  • Malignant
  • Undifferentiated

Tumors can be classified based on their behavior and appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the behavior of benign tumors?

A
  • Slow growing
  • Well-encapsulated
  • Not invasive
  • Orderly cells
  • Doesn’t metastasize

Benign tumors typically grow slowly and do not invade surrounding tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the behavior of malignant tumors?

A
  • Fast growing
  • Not encapsulated
  • Invasive
  • Disorderly cells
  • Metastasize

Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

do the terms carcinoma and sarcoma refer to benign or malignant lesions?

A

Malignant

Carcinomas originate from epithelial tissue, while sarcomas arise from connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of tissue is a carcinoma usually found in?

A

connective tissue

Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of tissue is a sarcoma usually found in?

A

epithelial tissue

Sarcomas are less common and can arise from bone, muscle, or fat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the prognosis for an undifferentiated tumor?

A

benign tumors

Undifferentiated tumors do not resemble normal tissue and are often more aggressive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the morphologic changes seen with anaplasia?

A
  • Cellular pleomorphism
  • Hyperchromatic nuclei
  • Frequent mitoses
  • Presence of bizarre nuclei
  • Loss of architecture
  • Loss of polarity
  • Formation of tumor giant cells

Anaplasia indicates a loss of differentiated features and increased malignancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How would benign and malignant tumors behave in terms of invasion and metastasizing?

A
  • Benign: Doesn’t invade
  • Malignant: Does invade

This distinction is crucial for treatment and prognosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

characteristics of benign tumors

A

slow growth, well encapsulated, orderly cells, doesnt invade, not metastatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

characteristics of a malignant tumor

A

rapid growth, now well encapsulated, disorderly, locally invasive, metastatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are three ways a neoplasm metastasizes?

A
  • Direct seeding
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Hematogenous spread

Metastasis is a key feature of malignant tumors and contributes to their severity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

direct seeding

A

spread locally by infiltration/implantation + across serosal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphatic spread

A

involvement of lymph nodes, carcinomas in lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hematogenous spread

A

sarcomas spread through blood, via veins + arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the method used to classify staging of a tumor?

A

TNM (tumor size, node involvement, metastases)

TNM classification helps in determining treatment options and prognosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tumor staging

A

determined by surgical exploration + imaging. based on size/location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tumor grading

A

determined by cytologic appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the prognosis of cancer depend on?

A

Clinical stage + histological grade

These factors help predict the outcome and guide treatment decisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are local manifestations and effects of neoplasms?

A

swelling, irritation to surrounding tissue, visceral injury

Cachexia is a complex syndrome involving weight loss and muscle wasting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are systemic manifestations and effects of neoplasms?

A

cachexia + hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe paraneoplastic syndromes and list three types.
* Endocrinopathies * Neuromyopathies * Vasculitides ## Footnote Paraneoplastic syndromes are indirect effects of cancer, often due to hormone production.
26
endocrinopathies
ectopic hormone production (ACTH, ADH)
27
examples of endocrinopathies
cushing's, hypercalcemia
28
neuromyopathies
neuromuscular diseases
29
vasculitides
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
30
examples of vasculitides
trousseau syndrome
31
What are oncogenes?
Cancer producing genes ## Footnote Oncogenes can result from mutations and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
32
what are proto-oncogenes?
cellular genes that promote normal growth that becomes oncogenic
33
What are four types of genetic mutations involved in the pathogenesis of cancer?
* Point mutation * Translocation * Amplification * Tumor suppressor gene mutation ## Footnote Each type of mutation can contribute to cancer development in different ways.
34
examples of point mutations
neurofibromatosis
35
examples of translocation
burkitt's lymphoma
36
examples of amplification
neuroblastoma + lung cancer
37
examples of tumor suppressor gene mutation
breast cancer, retinoblastoma, colorectal cancer
38
How do cancer suppressor genes normally prevent cancer from proliferating?
Inhibit cell growth + inactivate these genes ## Footnote Mutations in these genes can lead to loss of control over the cell cycle.
39
examples of tumor suppressor genes
* RB * TP53 (p53) * BRCA 1 + 2 * APC gene ## Footnote These genes play crucial roles in maintaining genomic integrity.
40
What are causes of genetic mutations?
* Free radical induced mutations * Spontaneous errors in DNA replication * Environmental agents * Mutagens (chemicals, radiation) ## Footnote Understanding these causes helps in cancer prevention strategies.
41
What are some examples of chemical carcinogens?
* Tobacco smoke * Dietary nitrosamines * Asbestos * Arsenic * Benzene * Beryllium * Nickel * Cadmium * Vinyl chloride * Ethylene oxide ## Footnote Chemical carcinogens are significant risk factors for various cancers.
42
what are examples of cancers caused by chemical carcinogens
lung, bladder, esophageal, mesothelioma, skin, blood, leukemia, hodgkin's lymphoma, nose, prostate, blood vessels, + liver
43
examples of radiation carcinogens
UV light, x-rays, + uranium
44
cancers caused by radiation carcinogens
melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid, + lung
45
examples of microbiological carcinogens
viruses, bacteria, + aflatoxins
46
cancers caused by microbiological carcinogens
cervical, burkitt's, stomach, bladder, + hepatocellular cancers
47
Define epidemiology
Study of identifying common factors contributing to the spread/growth/development of a disease ## Footnote Epidemiology plays a key role in public health and cancer prevention.
48
incidence
the number of new cases of a disease within a particular population in a particular period of time
49
prevalence
number of people living w/a disease in a particular place at a particular period of time
50
morbidity
prevalence expressed as a number out of 100,000 people in the population
51
mortality rate
number of people that have died from a particular disease out of 100,000 people in the population
52
what are the most common sites for cancer to metastasize to
lung, liver, bone, brain, adrenal glands
53
primary tumors
large + local
54
metastatic tumors
small + multifocal
55
hereditary cancers
well defined malignancies w/single gene mutants
56
examples of hereditary cancers
childhood retinoblastoma
57
familial cancers
cancers w/an increased incidence in genetic relations
58
what tumor marker is associated with prostate cancer
prostatic specific antigen (PSA)
59
what tumor marker is associated with ovarian cancer
CA-125
60
what tumor marker is associated with melanoma
S-100
61
what tumor marker is associated with choriocarcinoma
beta human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
62
what tumor marker is associated with colon cancer
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
63
what tumor marker is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
64
What is the most common type of skin cancer worldwide?
Basal cell carcinoma ## Footnote Basal cell carcinoma is often linked to UV exposure.
65
What is the number one cause of cancer in females in the US?
Breast cancer ## Footnote Breast cancer awareness and early detection are crucial for improving outcomes.
66
What are risk factors for breast cancer?
* Family history * Radiation exposure * Race * Exogenous estrogen exposure * Age * Sex ## Footnote Understanding these risk factors can help in screening and prevention.
67
Which neoplasm is associated with Epstein Barr virus?
Burkitt’s lymphoma ## Footnote Epstein Barr virus is linked to several lymphoproliferative disorders.
68
Which type of cancer is hematochezia associated with?
Colorectal cancer ## Footnote Hematochezia can be a symptom of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
69
List four types of leukemia.
* Acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic (ALL) * Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) * Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) * Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) ## Footnote Leukemia types are classified based on the age of onset and cell type.
70
acute lymphoblast/lymphocytic (ALL) characteristics
most common in kids under 5
71
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) characteristics
80% in young adults + auer rods present
72
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) characteristics
people ages 30-60, philadelphia chromosome present
73
chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) characteristics
more common in elderly
74
List four types of lung cancer.
* Adenocarcinoma * Squamous cell * Small cell * Undifferentiated ## Footnote Lung cancer types vary in their histological characteristics and treatment responses.
75
what are 2 types of lymphoma
hodgkin's + non-hodgkin's
76
what population does hodgkin's lymphoma occur in
20-40 y/o
77
what population does non-hodgkin's lymphoma occur in
older population
78
Which type of lymphoma is associated with the presence of Reed Sternberg cells?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma ## Footnote Reed Sternberg cells are a hallmark of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
79
Which neoplasm is associated with Bence Jones proteinuria?
Multiple myeloma ## Footnote Bence Jones proteins are light chains of immunoglobulins found in urine.
80
What primary neoplasm in children and teens is associated with a sunray burst appearance on radiographs?
Osteosarcoma ## Footnote Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children.
81
What is the most common malignant renal tumor in children?
Wilm’s tumor ## Footnote Wilm’s tumor is often diagnosed in children under 5 years of age.
PCCF Tri 2-Gen Pathology
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions