healing + repair - exam 1

Question 1

healing

Answer 1

process of restoration to normal structure + function

Question 2

repair

Answer 2

remedy, replace or heal as in a would or a fracture

Question 3

what are the 2 ways that healing + repair process progresses

Answer 3

total reconstruction + partial reconstruction

Question 4

what structure is the universal repair tissue

Answer 4

fibrous connective tissue scar

Question 5

labile cells

Answer 5

continuously multiply through life

Question 6

examples of labile cells

Answer 6

surface epithelial cells, lymphoid cells, hemopoietic cells, + all other cells

Question 7

stable cells

Answer 7

low level of replication

Question 8

examples of stable cells

Answer 8

kidney, liver, + smooth muscle

Question 9

permanent cells

Answer 9

cannot be replicated, do not undergo mitotic division

Question 10

examples of permanent cells

Answer 10

nerves, cardiac, + skeletal muscle

Question 11

what is the most abundant regenerative cells

Answer 11

labile

Question 12

which type of cell has the poorest regenerative capability?

Answer 12

permanent

Question 13

what are the 4 phases of repair by connective tissue

Answer 13

angiogenesis, fibroblast activity, deposition, + remodeling

Question 14

angiogenesis

Answer 14

endothelial cells from damaged blood vessels migrate + proliferate

Question 15

fibroblast activity

Answer 15

fibroblasts migrate to damaged area + proliferate

Question 16

deposition

Answer 16

extracellular matrix deposited in damaged area

Question 17

remodeling

Answer 17

change to connective tissue by shrinking of damaged area

Question 18

what is granulation tissue made of

Answer 18

small capillaries, fibroblasts, extracellular fluid, + macrophages

Question 19

granulation tissue

Answer 19

hallmark tissue of early healing by fibrosis

Question 20

what is the function of granulation tissue

Answer 20

fills in tissue gaps, remove dead cell debris, aids in wound contraction, forms early “pre-scar”

Question 21

what are the tissue healing phases

Answer 21

hemostasis, inflammation, granulation/proliferation, + remodeling/maturation

Question 22

hemostasis

Answer 22

day 1 to 3. stop bleeding

Question 23

inflammation

Answer 23

day 3 to 30. new frame work for blood vessel growth

Question 24

proliferation/granulation

Answer 24

week 1 to 6. pulls the wound closed

Question 25

remodeling/maturation

Answer 25

week 6 to 2 years. final proper tissue

Question 26

primary intention healing

Answer 26

small, usually sutured, small granulation tissue, rapid healing, small scar, rare complications

Question 27

secondary intention healing

Answer 27

large in size, no sutures, large granulation tissue, slow healing, large scar size, keloids

Question 28

diabetes mellitus is a local factor to wound healing. true or false

Question 29

what vitamin deficiency is necessary in would healing due to its ability to help in collagen synthesis?

Answer 29

vitamin c

Question 30

what are the factors affecting wound healing

Answer 30

proud flesh, keloid formation, wound dehiscence, contracture

Question 31

proud flesh

Answer 31

excessive granulation tissue protruding above surrounding skin

Question 32

keloid formation

Answer 32

hypertrophic scar w/excessive collagen deposition

Question 33

what population are keloids more common in?

Answer 33

african americans

Question 34

wound dehiscence

Answer 34

inadequate formation of granulation tissue resulting in rupture

Question 35

contracture

Answer 35

exaggeration of contraction resulting in deformity or wound contraction

Question 36

where is contracture most often seen?

Answer 36

third degree burn wounds

Question 37

where is the vascular supply greater? and does that area heal quick or slow?

Answer 37

the scalp; heal faster

Question 38

What type of complication of wound healing occurs when a wound has “burst open” due to a forceful sneeze?

Answer 38

wound dehiscence; mechanical stress bursting open a wound

Question 39

What type of complication of wound healing occurs with a severe burn injury?

Answer 39

contracture

Question 40

open/compound fracture

Answer 40

bone breaks and bony fragments have pierced the skin

Question 41

closed/simple fracture

Answer 41

bone breaks but skin is intact

Question 42

complete fracture

Answer 42

bone breaks all the way through

Question 43

incomplete fracture

Answer 43

bone is fractured but not fully separated

Question 44

transverse fracture

Answer 44

break is horizontal

Question 45

oblique fracture

Answer 45

fracture line passes through long axis of the bone at an angle

Question 46

spiral fracture

Answer 46

rotational force is applied through the long axis of the bone

Question 47

comminuted fracture

Answer 47

bone breaks into 2+ pieces

Question 48

impacted fracture

Answer 48

ends are driven into each other

Question 49

avulsion fracture

Answer 49

bony fragments pulled off by tendon/ligament

Question 50

pathological fracture

Answer 50

caused by disease

Question 51

traumatic fracture

Answer 51

caused by injury or external force

Question 52

stress fracture

Answer 52

caused by repetitive strain

Question 53

what are the 4 phases of bone fracture healing

Answer 53

reactive, reparative 1, reparative 2, + remodeling

Question 54

reactive phase

Answer 54

hematoma is formed + replaced by granulation tissue

Question 55

reparative phase 1

Answer 55

deposition of cartilaginous tissue by migrating chondroblasts

Question 56

reparative phase 2

Answer 56

cartilaginous callus is infiltrated by osteoblasts + bony callus is formed

Question 57

remodeling phase

Answer 57

removal of excess bony tissue in the bony callus by phagocytic multinucleated giant osteoclasts

Question 58

In which stage of fracture healing is a cartilaginous callus formed?

Answer 58

reparative phase 2

Question 59

Which specific cells are involved in the remodeling phase of bone fracture healing?

Answer 59

phagocytic multinucleated giant osteoclasts

Question 60

local factors that affect bone healing

Answer 60

type of fracture, presence of foreign bodies, type of bone, blood supply, immobilization, location, separation of the ends, infection, presence of underlying pathology

Question 61

systemic factors that affect bone healing

Answer 61

excess hormones, malnutrition, age, diseases

Question 62

A highly vascularised bone has a better chance of healing than a poorly vascularlised bone. true or false

Answer 62

True

Question 63

An 81-year-old diabetic who has a fracture at the femoral head of the hip has a good chance of fracture healing within a reasonable time. true or false

Answer 63

False

Question 64

malunion

Answer 64

bone fragments healed but were not aligned properly

Question 65

how does a malunion of a fracture occur?

Answer 65

results in angulation of the bone

Question 66

delayed healing

Answer 66

a fracture that does not heal in the expected time for the type of fracture + type of patient

Question 67

what are reasons for delayed healing of a fracture

Answer 67

infection, inadequate blood supply, poor nutrition, movement, old age

Question 68

nonunion

Answer 68

fracture is not healed + is unlikely to heal w/o intervention

Question 69

what is the normal healing time for most fractures

Answer 69

9 months

Question 70

which type of fracture complication may result in cystic degeneration

Answer 70

nonunion

Question 71

pseudo-arthrosis

Answer 71

no hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface