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Materials Exam Upload > Fundamentals of Material Science > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Material Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is a material?

A

A solid substance used in the manufacture of a technical product.

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2
Q

What are some things that are not included in the category of materials?

A

Coolants, operating fluids, soldering agents, technical gases, paints, anti-corrosion

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3
Q

What are some of the things material science is responsible for?

A

Manufacturing, Materials Applications, Characterization and Testing, Materials Production, Standards and Nomenclature.

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4
Q

What are some aspects of material selection.

A
  • Suitable for Loads
  • Functionality
  • Manufacturing,
  • Environmentally
    Compatible
  • Cost Appropriate
  • Certification
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5
Q

What is a process and a process chain?

A

A process is a step to create or modify a material.

A process chain is several processes in a row.

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6
Q

What are the three high level classifications of materials?

A
  • Metals and Alloys
  • Plastics
  • Ceramics and Glass
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7
Q

What are the four main categories of material properties?

A
  • Physical Properties
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
  • Processing Properties
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8
Q

Give examples of physical properties (7)

A
  • Density
  • Thermal Expansion
  • Magnetic Properties
  • Thermal Conductivity
  • Electrical Properties
  • Thermal Capacity
  • Optical and
    Electromagnetic
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9
Q

Give examples of chemical properties (4)

A
  • Corrosion
  • Resistance to other
    substances
  • Flammability
  • Hydrogen Embrittlement
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10
Q

Give examples of mechanical properties (6)

A
  • Strength
  • Toughness and Ductility
  • Wear and Fatigue
    Behavior
  • Stiffness
  • Hardness
  • Tribology and Friction
    Values
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11
Q

Give examples of processing properties (6)

A
  • Castability
  • Weldability
  • Formability
  • Viscosity
  • Chipability
  • Permeability
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12
Q

What are some advantages (7) and disadvantages (4) of metals and alloys?

A

Advantages:
- High Toughness
- High Stiffness
- High Strength
- Good Wear Resistance
- Good Conductivity
- Easy for Design
- Versatile Processability

Disadvantages:
- High Density
- Sensitive to Corrosion
- Sensitive to Chemical
Exposure
- Low Damping and Shock
Absorption

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13
Q

What are some advantages (6) and disadvantages (6) of plastics?

A

Advantages:
- Low Density
- Flexible
- Corrosion Resistant
- Electrically Insulating
- High Design Freedom
- Capable for Mass
Production

Disadvantages:
- Low Strength
- Low Stiffness
- Sensitive to Temperature
- Flammable
- Low Thermal
Conductivity
- High Thermal Expansion

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14
Q

What are some advantages (7) and disadvantages (3) of Ceramics and Glass?

A

Advantages:
- High Wear Resistance
- Low Thermal Expansion
- Heat Resistant
- Corrosion Resistant
- Electrically Insulating
- High Design Freedom
- Good Tribological
Properties

Disadvantages:
- Low Toughness
- Hard to Process
- Challenging to Design

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15
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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16
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

Ratio of average mass of atom w.r.t 1/12 of Carbon-12 atom.

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17
Q

What are the Bohr and Wave-Mechanical Atom Models?

A

The Bohr model represents atoms as a nucleus with electrons in simple orbit.

The wave-mechanical model represents the electrons as having energy levels, and orbitals.

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18
Q

What is the principal quantum number?

A

The shell number.

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19
Q

What are the shell designations? How many electrons does each have?

A

K(2), L(8), M(18), N(32)

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20
Q

Name all the subshells and the number of electrons per subshell.

A

s(2), p(6), d(10), f(14)

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21
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of the atomic nucleus to an additional electron.

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22
Q

What is the trend of electronegativity in the periodic table?

A

Increases from left to right and from bottom to top. Florine has the highest electronegativity.

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23
Q

What are 4 important types of bonds?

A
  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
  • Van der Walls
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24
Q

What is the sphere spring model?

A

A model that idealizes atoms as having a spring between them.

25
Q

How can you find potential using the sphere-spring model?

A

Take the integral of the net force curve w.r.t distance. Integral is taken from infinity to r.

26
Q

What are the effects of maximum potential on melting temperature and bonding energy?

A

Both are larger if potential is larger.

27
Q

What is the Formula for Elastic Modulus?

A

Stress = E Strain

28
Q

What is Ionic Bonding?

A

Atom of high electronegativity steals electron from atom of low electronegativity (difference > 18)

29
Q

What are crystalline structures and what are some of their properties(2)?

A

They are regular lattice structures.

  • Hard and Brittle
  • Thermally and
    Electrically Insulative
30
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Two atoms share atleast one valence electron to assume stable electronic configuration. The atoms must be of similar electronegativity (difference < 1.7)

31
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

Valance electron shared in electron clout with positive cores forming a lattice structure.

32
Q

What are some properties of metallic bonds?(5)

A
  • Good Electrical
    Conductivity
  • High Thermal
    Conductivity
  • Ductility
  • High Reactivity
  • Weaker than
    covenant/ionic
33
Q

What are Van der Waals Bonds

A

Bonds formed between polar atoms due to dipoles.

34
Q

What are the two main types of testing and what are their uses?

A

Destructive Testing:
- Characterization of
Properties
- Validation of Component
Parameters

Non-Destructive Testing:
- Quality Assurance for
Production
- Inspection in Operation

35
Q

Name 3 destructive and non-destructive tests.

A

Destructive:
- Tension/Compression/Bedin testing

  • Hardness Testing
  • Creep/Fatigue Testing

Non-Destructive:
- Ultrasonic Inspection
- X-Ray
- Acoustic Emission

36
Q

What are the types of loads for material characterization? (5)

A
  • Tension
  • Compression
  • Shear
  • Torsion
  • Bending
37
Q

What are somethings that standards for testing set out? (5)

A
  • Description of Method
  • Testing machine and
    measurement devices
  • Geometry and number of
    specimens
  • Experimental execution
  • Evaluation of results and
    reporting
38
Q

What are the basic elements for tensile testing? (6)

A
  • Electro-mechanical test frame with moveable traverse and gauge
  • Material specimen
  • Gripper
  • Mechanical extensometer for measuring l
  • Load cell to determine F
  • Data acquisition tool
39
Q

What are the three tools that can be used to measure displacement for tensile testing?

A
  • Strain gauge
  • Mechanical Extensometer
  • Optical Extensometer
40
Q

What are the two main areas of a stress-strain curve?

A
  • Elastic area
  • Plastic area
41
Q

What is Yield strength, Ultimate tensile strength and breaking strength in stress-strain curve?

A

Yield strength:
End of elastic region

Ultimate tensile strength:
Maximum stress

Breaking strength:
Strain close to breaking

42
Q

How does temperature influence stress-strain curve?

A

It brings down ultimate tensile strength and reduces brittleness.

43
Q

What are some standard hardness tests?

A
  • Brinell
  • Vickers
  • Rockwell
  • Knoop
  • Shore
44
Q

What is hardness?

A

Resistance of a substance to penetration by another substance.

45
Q

What is the indenter used in each hardness test? (4)

A

Brinell – Sphere
Vickers - Diamond Pyramid
Knoop – Diamond Pyramid
Rockwell – Diamond cone

46
Q

What is formula for hardness number in Brinell?

A

HB = 2P/[PiD(D-sqr(D^2-d^2))]

47
Q

What is formula for hardness number in Vickers?

A

1.854P/d^2

48
Q

What is formula for hardness number in Knoop?

A

14.2P/l^2

49
Q

What is the formula for HBW?

A

0.102 HB

50
Q

What are some advantages (1) and disadvantages (2) of Brinell testing?

A

Advantages
- Determination of a medium hardness in heterogeneous material

Disadvantages:
- Not applicable to thin material later

  • Cant be used for very hard materials (test load too large)
51
Q

What is the format for showing results of Brinell test?

A

Brinell Hardness HBW Indenter diameter / Test Load / Exposure Time

52
Q

What are the advantages of Vickers hardness testing? (3)

A

Strengths:
- Applicable to wide range of materials

  • Can be used for thin plates
  • More precise compared to Brinell
53
Q

What is the format for showing test results of Vickers Hardness test?

A

Vickers Hardness HV Test load / Exposure time

54
Q

What are advantages (1) and disadvantages (3) of Rockwell Hardness testing?

A

Strengths:
- Quick and Automatable

Weaknesses:
- Small indenter
- Bad for high hardness
- Various scales

55
Q

What is creep?

A

Time dependent deformation under constant stress and elevated temperature.

56
Q

What are the three main regions in a creep graph?

A

Primary creep, Secondary creep, Tertiary creep

57
Q

What happens in an impact bending test?

A

A standardized specimen is stricken with a pendulum and a hammer.

58
Q

What is the notched and unnotched bending test used for?

A

Notched for metals

Unnotched for plastics

59
Q

How does notched impact energy vary with temperature?

A

Increases with temperature.

Materials Exam Upload (4 decks)

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