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Microbiology & Immunology Unit II > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

fungi are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

fungi cell wall is comprised of:

A

ergosterol

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3
Q

oxygen requirement of fungi

A

strict aerobe (one exception is facultative anaerobe)

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4
Q

fungi are free living in nature, what does this mean?

A 
grow at lower pH 
optimal temperatures (25-30*C)
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5
Q

what are the two forms of fungi that are capable of causing disease in humans?

A

unicellular

multicellular filamentous

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6
Q

unicellular fungi are responsible for causing

A

yeast

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7
Q

multicellular filamentous fungi are responsible for

A

mold

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8
Q

what are the 2 ways fungi are encountered

A

incidental environmental contact

normal human flora

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9
Q

primary mechanism for containing fungal infections

A

neutrophil phagocytosis

killing

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10
Q

what type of immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections?

A

t-cell mediated

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11
Q

innate methods of limiting fungi

A

dessication
epithelial cell turnover
fatty acids
low pH of skin

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12
Q

infections caused by fungi that are not true pathogens, cause systemic infections in immunocompromised patients

A

opportunistic

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13
Q

infections caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically
typically result in systemic infections in healthy individuals

A

endemic

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14
Q

what are the endemic fungal pathogens

A

histoplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidiomycosis

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15
Q

this endemic fungal pathogen is found mainly in soil in certain parts of the country

A

histoplasmosis

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16
Q

why does histoplasmosis grow well in soil?

A

growth enhanced by high nitrogen content of soil fertilized by bird or bat guano

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17
Q

describe histoplasmosis method of entry

A

conidia (spores and filaments) inhaled and evade mucosal barriers and transform to yeast phase

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18
Q

T/F? Histoplasmosis virulence directly related to tolerance of warmer temperatures

A

true

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19
Q

what are the two types of mycoses?

A

endemic

opportunistic

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20
Q

found primarily in Mississippi river valley, southeastern states, extends to Canada

A

Blastomycosis

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21
Q

found in mid-southeastern belt in US, particularly Indiana

A

Histoplasmosis

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22
Q

which type of disseminated histoplasmosis is more likely to affect an AIDS patient?

A

acute disseminated histoplasmosis

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23
Q

What typically causes death in untreated patients with Chronic disseminated histoplasmosis?

A

organ infection

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24
Q

what symptom is a hallmark of blastomycosis?

A

skin lesions as result of hematogenous dissemination

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25
what type of immunity needed to eradicate blastomycosis?
cell mediated
26
blastomycosis multiplication
multiplies in lungs and causes pneumonia
27
causes "Valley Fever"
coccidiomycosis
28
extreme joint pain, difficulty breathing, possible migration of infection to brain however, majority of healthy people are asymptomatic
coccidiomycosis
29
found only in lower Sonoran life zone - AZ, NM, SoCal, TX
coccidiomycosis
30
T/F? Dimorphism in cocciodiodes is temperature dependent
false
31
arthralgias and skin nodules (host neutrophil and T lymphocyte response) is characteristic of
Valley Fever
32
targets lungs and causes acute pulmonary infection but hematogenously spreads to other organs
Coccidiomycosis
33
chronic meningitis is a complication of
disseminated cocciodiomycosis
34
what populations are at risk for disseminated cocciodiomycosis?
dark skinned people pregnant women immunocompromised
35
coccidiomycosis treatment
polyenes | azoles
36
antifungal interferes with ergosterol synthesis ; fungistatic
azoles
37
antifungal is lipophilic and binds to cell wall ergosterol and forms channels
polyenes (amphotericin B)
38
amphotericin B is an example of a
polyene
39
T/F? Opportunistic mycoses usually cause systemic infections
false; only cause systemic infections in immunocompromised
40
why are opportunistic infections often seen in immunocompromised?
``` hematological malignancies organ or hematopoietic transplants neutropenia HIV immunosuppressants ```
41
most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen
candida albicans
42
list the opportunistic fungal pathogens
``` candidiasis cryptococcus aspergillosis mucomycosis pneumocystosis ```
43
candida albicans shape
round or oval
44
how do candida reproduce?
forming buds or blastoconidia
45
T/F? most candida albicans infections are endogenous (derived from host's normal flora)
true
46
list the variosu forms of candidiasis infections
``` mucosal cutaneous systemic thrush intertriginous disseminated ```
47
candida infection that can follow superficial infections and central IV catheters
systemic candidiasis
48
proliferation of candida in warm, moist areas of skin and in babies (diaper rash)
intertriginous candidiasis
49
T/F? Cryptococcus produces large polysaccharide capsule in tissues and in environment
false; only in tissues
50
yeast found in soil contaminated with bird poop (particularly pigeons) and rotten fruits/veggies
crytococcus
51
T/F? Cryptococcus grows well in cool temperatures
false; 37 degrees
52
how does polysaccharide capsule in cryptococcus add to its virulence?
capsule formation inhibits phagocytosis | stalls intracellular killing after phagocytosis by downregulating Th1 mediators
53
what does cryptococcus neoformans produce that increases its virulence?
polysaccharide capsule | melanin
54
what does melanin do for virulence?
increases strength of cell wall - resist enzyme degradation and resist free radicals
55
fungal pathogen that is ubiquitous in air, soil, water, vegetation and is filamentous in environment
aspergilus
56
major pathogenic aspergilus species
A.fumigatus | A.flavus
57
how does aspergilus spread?
inhalation into URT and LRT | germination of conidia (spores and filaments) into hyphae
58
aspergilus phagocytosis
pulmonary macrophages phagocytose conidia but not hyphae | neutrophils line up on hyphae to kill with O2 radicals
59
how does host act against hyphae of aspergilus?
neutrophils line up on hyphae to kill with O2 radicals
60
angioinvasive
hyphae invade thru blood vessel walls causing tissue infarction, hemorrhage, necrosis
61
Which fungal pathogen is angioinvasive?
aspergilus and mucormycosis
62
what is initial site of invasion for aspergillosis?
lung or paranasal sinuses
63
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may lead to:
intracerebral and other organ abscesses | necrotic skin lesions
64
T/F? Pulmonary macrophages phagocytose conidia and hyphae
false; do not phagocytose hyphae
65
nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals near construction sites
aspergillosis
66
aspergilus is capable of producing
toxic metabolic products
67
what toxic metabolic products can be made by aspergilus?
aflatoxins | phospholipase
68
T/F? Aspergilus can cause noninfectious disease like allergy, asthma, pneumonia
true
69
causes necrotizing fungal soft tissue wound infections
mucromycosis
70
which has septated hyphae? mucormycosis or aspergilus?
aspergilus - septated | mucormycosis - nonseptated
71
two clinical manifestations of mucormycosis
rhinocerebral form | disseminated mucormycosis
72
which mucormycosis form is unique to diabetics?
rhinocerebral
73
why is rhinocerebral mucormycosis unique to diabetics?
growth stimulated by acidotic state
74
type of mucormycosis that forms pulmonary lesions
disseminated mucormycosis
75
T/F? Pneumocystis has never been grown in vitro
true; not part of NSF
76
T/F? Pneumocystis is an intracellular pathogen confined to pulmonary spaces
false; EXTRAcellular pathogen only confined to pulmonary spaces
77
T/F? pneumocystis commonly causes disease
false; infection common but disease rare
78
commonly causes sentinel infection in AIDS
pneumocystis
79
pneumocystis only causes one disease which is:
pneumonia
80
2 common superficial mycoses
seborrheic dermatitis | tinea versicolor
81
hypo or hyperpigmented patches on chest or neck with scaling
tinea versicolor
82
most common type of fungal infections in humans
dermatophyte skin infections | "tinea" - name of clinical disease
83
three etiological genera of dermatophyte skin infections (tinea)
microsporum trichophyton epidermophyton
84
T/F? Dermatophytes are part of normal skin flora
false
85
dermatophyte infections are more common when:
skin occluded with nonporous materials which increases hydration and temperature of skin interferes with str. corneum function
86
T/F? Systemic dermatophyte infections are very rare
true
87
direction of dermatophyte organism growth
outward in centrifugal pattern
88
AKA mycoses of implantation
subQ mycoses
89
mycoses of implantation
diseases caused only under conditions of trauma | via thorns or splinters
90
rose grower's disease
lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis - a subQ mycoses
91
found in soil, moss, decaying wood, vegetation
subQ mycoses - sporothrix schenckii??
92
how do subQ mycoses spread?
skin lesions form at point of entry and along lymph nodes and vessels
93
T/F? In subQ mycoses, more lesions appear until a chronic ulcer develops
true
94
associated with inhalation of spores, nodules / cavitations of lungs, fibrosis, swollen hilar lymph nodes
pulmonary sporotrichosis
95
disseminated sporotrichosis is characterized spread of initial infection to
joints and CNS (meningitis)
96
chronic subQ mycoses infection with sinus tract nodules
mycetoma
97
where do most subQ mycoses occur?
tropical regions in soil fungi
98
antigungal that inhibits squalene epoxidase activity and blocks ergosterol synthesis works against dermatophytes & C. albicans
allyamines
99
antifungal that is IV only; inhibits glucan synthesis in fungal cell wall works against candida and aspergillus
echinocandins

Microbiology & Immunology Unit II (9 decks)

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