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Microbiology & Immunology Unit II > Small G- Pathogens > Flashcards

Small G- Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of Chlamydiae

A

small

G-

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2
Q

is peptidoglycan (murein) found in walls of Chlamydiae?

A

no

structure analogous to murein seen in EM

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3
Q

True or false? Chlamydiae can only grow inside cells or live on tissues?

A

True - obligate intracellular pathogen

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4
Q

True or false? Chlamydiae produces its own energy

A

False, “energy parasite” which depends on host for ATP

auxotrophic for some AAs

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5
Q

T/F? Chlamydiae have a very simple developmental cycle

A

False, complex developmental cycle

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6
Q

What are the four species of Chlamydiae?

A

C. trachomatitis
C. pneumoniae
C. psittaci
C. pecorum

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7
Q

Which Chlamydiae species are primarily human pathogens?

A

C. trachomatitis

C. pneumoniae

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8
Q

General implications of Chlamydiae:

A

leading cause of preventable blindness
most common STI
leading cause of walking pneumoniae

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9
Q

how is chlamydiae transmitted?

A

droplet or direct contact

infect mucosal epithelium

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10
Q

how is chladmydiae spread?

A 
4 Fs
fingers
flies
fomites
fornication
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11
Q

true or false? chladmydial infections are usually localized

A

true; eyes, lungs, genitalia (with exception of LGV which is invasive)

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12
Q

C. trachomatitis infection characteristics

A

usually asymptomatic in females
may be acute or chronic
genital tract infections

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13
Q

Describe process of C. trachomatitis invasion

A

EB enters epithelial cells disguised as nutrients, hormones, GFs
EBs internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis
EBs modify endocytic vesicle
EB changes to larger, active form (RB) which synthesizes materials using host energy; divides by binary fission

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14
Q

C. trachomatitis: How do EBs modify endocytic vesicle?

A

maintain pH above 6.2
prevent vesicle fusion with lysosomes
modified with host glycolipids for camouflage

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15
Q

C. trachomatitis: how do RBs get their nutrients?

A

~20 drinking straws protrude from bacterial cell cytoplasm into host cell cytoplasm that let them feed on eukaryotic host cell without leaving inclusion vacuole

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16
Q

This chlamydial disease is characterized by inflammation of conjunciva which can cause blindness and scarring of cornea:

A

Trachoma - a strain of C. trachomatitis

spread by direct contact

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17
Q

Lymphogranulom venerum characteristics

A

STD
systemic, invasive (genital lymph nodes)
seen mostly in developing countries

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18
Q

C. pneumoniae characteristics

A

most common

usually asymptomatic or acute respiratory response

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19
Q

one can directly observe ___________ in majority of patients with atherosclerotic heart lesions

A

C. pneumoniae

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20
Q

Chlamydiae treatment

A

antimicrobial drugs that target metabolically active RB

maintain abx for a long time b/c organisms grow slowly

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21
Q

what are the 4 membrane layers a drug must penetrate when treating Chlamydiae?

A

host cell plasma membrane
inclusion membrane
chlamydial outer membrane
chlamydial cytoplasmic membrane

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22
Q

Rickettsiae is gram:

A

negative

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23
Q

Rickettsiae shape:

A

rods

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24
Q

Rickettsiae growth environment:

A

obligate intracellular bacteria

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25
Rickettsiae transmission:
zoonoses - animal to human transmission
26
Rickettsiae energy source:
able to synthesize own ATP; independent metabolism not an energy parasite like Chlamydiae BUT may lack some metabolites necessary for growth
27
Which pathogen is capable of independent metabolism and can synthesize its own ATP, Chlamydia or Rickettsiae?
Rickettsiae
28
Rickettsiae possess flagella or endospores?
no
29
How is Rickettsiae cultivated?
in animals, embryonated eggs, or cell cultures in lab
30
Rickettsial diseases
diseases caused by tick bites, flea feces, chigger bites
31
Ticks and Rickettsiae transmission
tick can carry pathogen for life once infected adult ticks feed on large animals/humans babies feed on rodents (often infected during this time) blood meal required before next life stage
32
ticks most often pass on infection to humans during what time?
blood meal as adults
33
Once infected, Rickettsiae bacteria spreads via
bloodstream
34
Spread and multiplication of Rickettsiae
attach to vascular endothelial cells (sm. blood vessels) induce endocytosis once inside, lyse phagosome (phospholipase) and escape ... enter cytosol
35
How do Rickettsiae exit host cell?
mechanism varies - cell lysis - extrusion from cell through local projections (filopodia) - budding through cell membrane
36
How do Rickettsia leave host cell through filopodia?
host cell actin associates with bacteria and helps push it through host cell cytoplasm via filopodia "comet like tail"
37
Describe host injury in Rickettsiae
proportional to # of intracellular bacteria cell lysis results in blood leakage = rash (hemorrhagic spots) organism can travel to other vessels (heart and brain) most patients clear infection before antimicrobial tx
38
Typhus group fevers
R. prowazekii R. typhi Orienta tsutsu
39
R. prowazekii characterized by
typhus fever recrudescent typhus (reactivation of dormant agent) transmitted by lice reservoir in humans and flying squirrels
40
R. typhi is characterized by
more prevalent and widespread murine typhus transmission via rats and rat fleas
41
Orientia tsutsu (Rickettsiae) is characterized by
scrub typhus | no rash
42
Ehrlichia growth environment:
obligate intracellular bacteria
43
how is Ehrlichia transmitted?
Lone star tick
44
What cells does Ehrlichia mainly infect?
macrophages and monocytes
45
Implications of Ehrlichia infection
fever, malaise, headache, myalgia Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)
46
Spread and multiplication of Ehrlichia
Develop in host cell vacuoles as reticulate cells (RC) | then as dense core cells (DC)
47
How do Ehrlichia bacteria exit host cell?
exit host cell following rupture of morula and host cell cytoplasmic membrane
48
Why is Rickettsioses diagnosis difficult?
Asymptomatic and not aware of tick bite at first visit | Handling is hazardous
49
Diagnosis of Rickettsioses
``` eukaryotic cell cultures or inoculation of animal antibody titers fluorescent antibody assay complement fixation latex agglutination ```
50
Smallest organism capable of growth on cell-free media
Mycoplasma
51
Has a "fried egg" appearance when grown on cell-free media
Mycoplasma
52
Characteristics of mycoplasma
smallest organism that can grow on cell-free media requires sterol (present in cell membrane) small, slow growing colonies no cell wall (no murein) not sensitive to penicillin found in other mammals and birds
53
T/F? Mycoplasma is susceptible to penicillin
False, not sensitive to penicillin
54
T/F? Mycoplasma possess a thick cell wall
false, no cell wall (no murein)
55
T/F? Some mycoplasms are part of normal human flora
true
56
Four mycoplasma species that are capable of causing disease
M. pneumoniae M. genitalium M. hominis Ureaplasma urealyticum
57
This is known as the prototype mycoplasma
M. pneumoniae | primary atypical pneumonia
58
M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum are responsible for
genitourinary tract infections
59
Reservoir for M. pneumonia
humans only - prolonged asymptomatic colonization is unlikely
60
T/F? Prolonged asymptomatic M. pneumoniae is common
False
61
How are M. pneumoniae infections spread?
close-contact groups passed thru respiratory droplets moderately contagious mild infection
62
Walking pneumonia is also known as _________ and is not cleared by _________
primary atypical pneumonia | penicillin
63
M. pneumoniae mode of entry
adhere to respiratory epithelium - terminal adhesion structures tip-mediated attachment organelle
64
M. pneumonia adhere to respiratory epithelium via
terminal adhesion structures
65
Main cells of inflammatory response in M. pneumoniae
lymphocytes
66
T/F? Infection with M. pneumoniae is unlikely to spread
True ; limited to respiratory mucosa (doesn't get into lung alveoli)
67
T/F? Infection with M. pneumoniae is highly destructive
False; but does impair ciliary function | may produce tissue toxic substances like H2O2
68
Other damage caused by M. pneumoniae infections
Hemolytic anemia Encephalitis Erythema multiforme (rash)
69
Hemolytic anemia seen in M. pneumoniae infections
IgM = cold hemagglutinins which cause RBCs to stick together in cold temperatures
70
M. genitalium is isolated from:
synovial and respiratory fluids
71
M. hominis and U. urealyticum mostly associated with
diseases in newborns

Microbiology & Immunology Unit II (9 decks)

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