Fungi

Question 1

What is Mycologists

Answer 1

Scientist who study fungi, the study of it

Question 2

Fungi characeristics

Answer 2

multicellular, except yeasts
mostly aerobic
mostly terrestrial, some marine
great dispersal with airborne spores
major decomposers

Question 3

6 groups of fungi

Answer 3

(Phylum Chytridiomycota) Chytrids = Chytridiomycetes
(Ph. Zygomycota) Zygomycetes
(Ph. Glomeromycota) Glomeromycetes
(Ph. Ascomycota ) Ascomycetes
(Ph. Basidiomycota ) Basidiomycetes
(Ph. --) Deuteromycetes

Question 4

what are hyphae

Answer 4

sleder filaments bodies. found in multcellular fungi.

Question 5

cell walls are made of

Answer 5

chitin

Question 6

Where does their mitosis occur

Answer 6

in the nucleas. Nuclear mitosis

Question 7

sexual reproduction paths

Answer 7

both asexual and sexual

Question 8

what is the dikaryon stage

Answer 8

2 haploid nuclei co-exist in sexual reproduction before fusing to make diploid

Question 9

what are septa or septums

Answer 9

divided cross walls

Question 10

what is coenocytic

Answer 10

cells continuous to next cell with no barriers

Question 11

what is mycelium

Answer 11

a mass of connected hyphae
May be packed together to form complex structures
Grows through and penetrates substance

Question 12

what is rhizoid

Answer 12

root-like structure that anchors fungi

Question 13

fungi lack centrioles, what do they use instead

Answer 13

Spindle plaques take place of centrioles and form the spindle apparatus within the nucleus

Question 14

Gametophyte produce

Answer 14

gametes from gametangium (pl. gametangia) for sexual reproduction

Question 15

Sporophyte produce

Answer 15

spores from sporangium (pl. sporangia) for asexual reproduction

Question 16

sexual reproduction process

Answer 16

Multinucleate hypha separates from rest of hyphae by septa (now a gamete) fuses with another hypha (= gamete) of opposite mating type to create 1 diploid sporophyte

Question 17

asexual reproduction process

Answer 17

Meiosis produces 4 asexual spores which germinate into 4 haploid gametophytes

Question 18

what is Parasexual reproduction

Answer 18

genetically different nuclei exchange portions of chromosomes to allow for genetic recombination

Question 19

Mating types

Answer 19

genders, + female and – male

Question 20

dikaryon stage is

Answer 20

N+N) before 2 haploid (N) nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus

Question 21

Monokaryotic is

Answer 21

one nucleus in hypha, haploid (N) or diploid (2N)

Question 22

Dikaryotic

Answer 22

two haploid nuclei (N+N) coexist in hypha before fusing to form diploid nucleus

Question 23

Plasmogamy

Answer 23

fusion of 2 hyphae’s cytoplasm

Question 24

Karyogamy

Answer 24

fusion of 2 haploid nuclei

Question 25

what is most common means of reproduction among fungi

Answer 25

spores: May form from sexual or asexual processes Germination gives rise to new fungal hyphae when find suitable place Most are dispersed by wind Some by insects and animals

Question 26

absorptive heterotroph

Answer 26

Absorb organic molecules by external digestion

Question 27

Fungi can break down cellulose and lignin in cell walls of plants, also eat animals

Answer 27

we cannot. cows have enzymes in their stomach to break down cellulose

Question 28

what is Saprobes

Answer 28

absorb organic matter from non-living source

Question 29

Symbionts

Answer 29

live in close association with another species

Question 30

Parasites

Answer 30

symbiont that feeds on another living organism harming the host, live on or inside; lives at the expense of its host (+/- relationship)

Question 31

how many major phylum in fungi

Answer 31

5: Based upon mode of sexual reproduction | Deuteromycetes phylogeny unclear

Question 32

Chytridiomycota phyla characteristics

Answer 32

Aquatic, flagellated fungi No dikaryon stage Diploid asexual reproductive cycle Only fungi with motile spores (flagellated haploid and diploid zoospores)

Question 33

Phylum Zygomycota characteristics

Answer 33

Include common bread molds Include a few human pathogens Characteristics Lack septa between hyphae except when forming sporangia or gametangia

Question 34

Phylum Glomeromycota

Answer 34

``` Form intracellular symbioses with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae Glomus, forms arbuscular mycorrhizae Characteristics Lack septa between hyphae No evidence of sexual reproduction ```

Question 35

Phylum Ascomycota

Answer 35

Contain about 75% of the known fungi | Include yeasts, common molds, cup fungi, morels, and many serious plant pathogens

Question 36

Phylum Ascomycota characteristics

Answer 36

ascus and ascocarp

Question 37

Phylum Ascomycota sexual reproduction

Answer 37

Ascomycetes are named for a microscopic, sac-like, sexual spore-producing structure called an ascus Asci form within the ascocarp = cup or morel structure formed during dikaryon stage Within ascus meiosis and mitosis follow, producing 8 haploid nuclei that become walled sexual ascospores

Question 38

what are ascus

Answer 38

sexual spore-producing structure, sac-shaped

Question 39

what are ascocarp

Answer 39

cup or morel structure of dikaryon stage

Question 40

how are ascomycota named

Answer 40

Ascomycetes are named for a microscopic, sac-like, sexual spore-producing structure called an ascus

Question 41

Phylum Ascomycota asexual reproduction

Answer 41

more common. Occurs through conidium (pl. condia) which are asexual spores Conidia formed at pinched ends of modified hyphae called conidiophores, asexual spore-producing structures

Question 42

Characteristics of yeast

Answer 42

unicellular, most produce asexual by budding or fiision. Can ferment carbohydrates. Breaks down glucose into ethanol and CO2

Question 43

Phylum Basidiomycota characteristics

Answer 43

basidium (pl. basidia) = sexual spore-producing structure, club-shaped basidia are on basidiocarps = mushrooms = dikaryon stage

Question 44

Deuteromycetes were formerly called

Answer 44

imperfect fungi

Question 45

Deuteromycetes characteristics

Answer 45

No evidence of sexual reproduction Many appear to be related to the Ascomycetes Include economically important fungi Penicillium for penicillin and blue cheeses Aspergillus for soy sauce and paste

Question 46

Obligate symbiosis

Answer 46

partnership essential for fungus survival

Question 47

Facultative symbiosis

Answer 47

partnership is nonessential for fungus survival

Question 48

what are the Types of symbioses

Answer 48

parasitic, commensalistic, mutualistic, endophytic

Question 49

what is parasistic

Answer 49

pathogens) – benefit at expense of host (+/-)

Question 50

what is Commensalistic

Answer 50

– one partner benefits but other is neither harmed nor benefited (+/0)

Question 51

what is Mutualistic

Answer 51

both parties benefit

Question 52

Endophytic fungi

Answer 52

live in intercellular spaces inside plants Commensal or mutualistic symbioses Some fungi protect their hosts from herbivores by producing toxins

Question 53

what are lichens

Answer 53

are mutualistic symbioses between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria or green algae)

Question 54

what are the three forms of lichen

Answer 54

fruticose (shrubby), foliose (leafy), crustose (crusty, includes squamulose = scaly)

Question 55

what is Mycorrhizae

Answer 55

Mutualistic symbioses between fungi and plants Fungus gets carbon from plants Plants get increased soil contact for increased water, mineral, and nutrient absorption Found on the roots of about 90% of all known vascular plant species

Question 56

what is Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Answer 56

Hyphae penetrate the root cell wall 70% of all plant species, most common Fungal partners are Glomeromycetes

Question 57

what is Ectomycorrhizae

Answer 57

Hyphae surround but do not penetrate root cells Most hosts are forest trees (pines,oaks) Fungal partners are mostly Basidiomycetes

Question 58

what is Haustoria

Answer 58

specialized hyphae penetrate plant’s cell wall to absorb food