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Biology section 2 > Protists > Flashcards

Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

endosymbiosis

A

organelles evolved by ; It is when one organism lives in another

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2
Q

Are organism with chloroplast monophyletic?

A

NO. They are not related to the nearest ancenstor.

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3
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote. An organism may then use that organism to its advantage.

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4
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

eukaryote cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis.

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5
Q

Protists are the most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms

A

mostly unicellular
solitary unicellular cells
colonial unicellular cells
filamentous unicellular cells

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6
Q

Protozoan are

A

heterotrophic protists

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7
Q

algae are

A

autotrophic protists

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8
Q

Are protists paraphyletic

A

yes; and not grouped by evolutionary relationships

15 major protist phyla are grouped into 7 major monophyletic groups

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9
Q

Protist biology; Cell surface

A

Plasma membrane
Extracellular material (ECM) in some
ex. diatoms have silica (SiO2)shells
Cell wall in some

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10
Q

Protist biology; Cysts

A

Dormant cell in some with resistant outer covering

Used for disease transmission

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11
Q

Protist biology; Motility

A

Flagellum, cilia, pseudopods

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12
Q

Flagellum characteristics

A

long whiplike tail of protein; one or few

ex. Euglena

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13
Q

Cilia characteristics

A

short, hair-like proteins; many

ex. Paramecium

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14
Q

Pseudopodia characteristics

A

cytoplasmic projections
Lobopods = large, blunt; ex. Ameoba
Filopods = thin, branching
Axopods = thin, long

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15
Q

Phototrophs

A

photosynthetic

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16
Q

Heterotrophs

A

energy from organic molecules of others

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17
Q

Phagotrophs

A

ingest particulate food matter through phagosomes (vesicles)

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18
Q

Osmotrophs

A

ingest soluble food matter

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19
Q

Mixotrophs

A

both phototrophic and heterotrophic

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20
Q

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

A

Most common reproduction method

Some species have an unusual mitosis

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21
Q

Asexual reproduction methods

A

binary fusion, schizogomy, and budding

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22
Q

binary fusion

A

“parent” splits into 2 equal cells

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23
Q

Schizogony

A

multiple fission

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24
Q

Budding

A

= smaller progeny fall off “parent”

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25
Sexual reproduction in fungi
Union of haploid gametes produced by meiosis Not chosen by all, but most have ability Source of genetic variety, along with spontaneous mutations sexual reproduction in times of stress
26
What are the seven groups in fungi?
Diplomonadia and parabasalids, euglenozoa, alveolata, stramenopila, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, and choanoflagellida.
27
Diplomonads main feature
Have two nuclei
28
Parabasalids main feature
Have undulating membranes for locomotion | Some live in gut of termites and symbiotically digest cellulose
29
Euglenozoa characteristics
``` 1/3 have chloroplasts and photosynthetic 2/3 lack chloroplasts and heterotrophic Characteristics Most are freshwater Pellicle = inter-locking protein strips in plasma membrane, tough but flexible No sexual reproduction Anterior flagella Nuclear envelope remains through mitosis (like fungi) ```
30
Contractile vacuoles do what
collect excess water
31
stigma do what
locates light for photosynthesis
32
Kinetoplastid features
Phylum: Euglenozoa Characteristic Have unique, single mitochondrion with DNA maxicircles and minicircles
33
Dinoflagellates features
Unicellular Live in marine and freshwater environments Most are photosynthetic Do not appear to be related to other phyla
34
Dinoflagellates characteristics
``` Two unequal flagella Plates of cellulose armor encase cells Reproduction is primarily asexual DNA is not complexed with histones Some bioluminesce “Blooms” are responsible for red tide ```
35
Apicomplexans characteristics
``` Spore-forming animal parasites Apical complex = unique arrangement of organelles at one end of cell ```
36
Gregarines
Found in the intestines of arthropods, annelids, and molluscs
37
Toxoplasma gondii
Causes infections in humans with immunosuppression Passed from cat litter box to developing fetus
38
Plasmodium
Causes malaria | malaria eradication
39
Ciliates named for
Cilia large numbers around the cell Some specialized functions as paddles, teeth, or feet
40
Ciliates; Pellicle are
inter-locking protein strips in plasma membrane, tough but flexible
41
Another main feature of ciliates
Two types of nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus) present in all
42
Macronucleus
divides by mitosis | Responsible for physiological functions
43
Micronucleus
divides by meiosis | Involved in conjugation = fusion of two cells of different mating types temporarily attach and exchange micronuclei
44
Cilitaes; Alveolata have two vacuoles
food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles
45
contractile vacuoles job
regulation of water balance
46
what does a Cytoproct do
pore in pellicle of plasma membrane which releases waste
47
two examples of ciliates aka alveolata
paramecium and strentor
48
Stramenopila examples
brown algae, diatoms, golden algae, oomycetes
49
Main characteristic of stramenopila
Very fine hairs on their flagella | A few species have lost their hairs during evolution
50
Brown algae characteristics
Photosynthetic Mostly marine Reproduction thru alternation of generations: haploid gametophyte  diploid sporophyte
51
Brown algaes photosynthetic pigment is
fucoxanthin
52
what agent do brown algae produce
Produce thickening agent algin used in food and commercial products
53
Diatoms characteristics
``` Unicellular Marine and freshwater Some move using raphes = two long grooves lined with vibrating fibrils Photosynthetic Have unique double shells made of silica ```
54
Golden algae characteristics
Unicellular Most secrete silica capsules or resting cysts Photosynthetic but if needed may become heterotrophic on diatoms and bacteria
55
Oomycetes features
Were considered fungi (Ph. Oomycota) Asexual and sexual reproduction Either parasites or saprobes (= feed on dead organic matter) Most found in water
56
Oomycetes characteristics
Motile spores “zoospores” with 2 unequal flagella | Phytophthora infestans caused Irish potato famine
57
Red algae features
Photosynthetic Mostly marine, abundance of species Range from unicellular to large multicellular Reproduction thru alternation of generations Origin is controversial, treated as sister clade of Division Chlorophyta (green algae) lack flagella
58
Red algae pigment accessory is
phycobilin
59
Rhodophyta cell walls have
Coralline algae = calcareous deposits in cell walls Produce thickening agents carrageenan and agar in cell walls ice cream products cosmetic products
60
Chlorophyta (= Division Chlorophyta), including Spirogyra, Volvox are
green algae
61
Chlorophyta features
Moving to Kingdom Viridiplantae Photosynthetic Marine and freshwater Range from unicellular to large multicellular Reproduction thru alternation of generations
62
Chlorophyta characteristics
Predominance of chlorophylls over photosynthetic accessory pigments
63
Choanoflagellates characteristics
contain a single emergent flagellum surrounded by a funnel-shaped, contractile collar Use collar to feed on bacteria, similar to sponges
64
Protists Without a Clade are
amoeba, rhizopoda or true ameoba, actinopoda, Foraminifera , and Slime molds
65
Amoebas are paraphyletic | what are its characteristics
Pseudopodia = pseudopods | Movement through cytoplasmic streaming
66
Rhizopoda characteristics
Polymorphic shape | Large pseudopods
67
Actinopoda characteristics
Glassy exoskeletons made of silica produce distinct shape | Needlelike pseudopods
68
Foraminifera characteristics
Tests = pore-studded, calcium carbonate shells Thin pseudopodia emerge through pores in tests Used for swimming and feeding Heterotrophic Marine Reproduction thru alternation of generations Live in sand or attached to other marine organisms
69
Tests in Foraminifera are
pore-studded, calcium carbonate shells
70
Slime mold characteristics
Oozing masses | Form spores when food or moisture is scarce to last for years
71
plasmodial slime molds “moving slime” characteristics
large size but single cell ingests bacteria and other organic material stream along as a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm, plasmodium produces sporangium during times of resource shortage forms spores that quickly undergo meiosis
72
Cellular slime molds features
individual organisms behave as separate amoebas, moving through soil or other substrate and ingesting bacteria when food is scarce, organisms aggregate to form a “slug”

Biology section 2 (7 decks)

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