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Biology section 2 > Prokaryotes (Bacteria) > Flashcards

Prokaryotes (Bacteria) Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

A 
Prokaryotes 			Eukaryotes
	Primitive 				Advanced
	Small cell size			Large cell size 
	Mostly unicellular		Mostly multicellular
	No membrane-bound	Membrane-bound 
		organelles				organelles
	Only asexual reprod.		Most have ability for sex.
							reprod.
	e.g. bacteria			e.g. humans
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2
Q

Prokaryotes are the oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life on earth.

A

5,000 different kinds currently recognized

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3
Q

Biomarkers

A

organic molecules of biological origin

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4
Q

Stromatolites

A

mats of cyanobacteria (=blue-green algae) that trap mineral deposits and form rocks

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Features: Unicellular

A

Most are single-celled
solitary unicellular cells
colonial unicellular cells
filamentous unicellular cells

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6
Q

Biofilm

A

communities of many species

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7
Q

Colony

A

group of 1 species attached to each other

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8
Q

Prokaryotic form shapes.

A

bacillus, coccus, spirillum

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9
Q

bacillus

A

(bacilli) straight and rod-shaped

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10
Q

coccus

A

spherical shaped

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11
Q

spirillum

A

(spirilla) long and helical shaped

spirochetes

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12
Q

Do prokaryotes have internal compartments

A

No internal compartmentalization

No membrane-bounded organelles

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13
Q

Internal membranes features

A

Invaginated cell membrane

Function in respiration or photosynthesis

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14
Q

Chromosome features

A

Single circular double-stranded DNA

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15
Q

Nucleoid

A

region of cell with chromosome

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16
Q

plasmids

A

circular accessory self-replicatingDNA molecules

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Smaller than eukaryotes and differ in protein and RNA content
Antibiotics target ribosomes to block protein synthesis, no effect on host because can’t bind to eukaryotic ribosomes

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18
Q

Plasma membrane, what are bacterias lipids

A

Bacteria lipids are unbranched
Fatty acid tails connected to glycerol by ester linkages
Same as eukaryotes

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19
Q

Archaea lipids

A

are branched
Fatty acid tails connected to glycerol by ether linkages
Some organized as tetraethers in a monolayer where tails overlayed to withstand high temperatures

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20
Q

Pili

A

Short, hair-like structures

Aid in attachment and conjugation (=exchange of genetic information, later in chapter)

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Long, helical structures
Single fiber of protein flagellin
Locomotion, spin like propellers

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22
Q

Cell walls of bacteria are made of

A

peptidoglycan; polysaccharides cross-linked with peptides

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23
Q

Archaea cell walls

Study These Flashcards
A

lack peptidoglycan, some have pseudomurein which is similar in structure and function to peptidoglycan

24
Q

Gram positive bacteria color

25
Gram negative bacteria color
pink
26
S-layer = surface layer
A rigid protein or glycoprotein outside layer of the cell wall in some bacteria and archaea Aids in attachment or protection
27
Capsule = sheath
A gelatinous layer surrounds cell wall found in some bacteria Aids in attachment to surfaces or other cells Protects from immune system of host
28
Endospores are
Thick wall around genome and small portion of cytoplasm  dormant spore Highly-resistant structures Released upon cell lysis
29
DNA replication
Bacteria has simple DNA replication | Archaea initiation of DNA replication more similar to eukaryotes
30
Gene expression
Archaea transcription and translation are more similar to eukaryotes (presence of introns) Bacteria have 1 RNA polymerase
31
binary fission
asexual reproduction where replicate chromosome then split in two
32
Genetic recombination
Not through reproduction | Occurs through mutations and horizontal gene transfer
33
gene transfer
passing of genes between individuals
34
How do prokaryotes reproduce
asexual. Do not reproduce sexually
35
Horizontal gene transfer
passing of genes between individuals) allows for genetic recombination
36
Conjugation
temporary cell-to-cell contact to transfer genetic material
37
Transduction
bacteriophages bring new genetic material
38
Transformation
pick up new genetic material from the environment
39
Conjugation occurs with an F plasmid. what is f plasmid
genetic material F+ cell contains the plasmid F- cell do not
40
F pilus are
extension of the cell wall
41
what is Generalized transduction
Viruses package bacterial DNA with viral DNA accidently then transfer it to new host Virtually any gene can be transferred
42
what is Specialized transduction
Imprecise excision of viral DNA in host chromosome | Only a few genes can be transferred
43
Generalized Transduction
``` Infection with transducing phage Transducing phage adheres to cell Phage injects piece of chromosomal DNA DNA incorporated by homologous recombination (=like meiosis crossing over) Cell contains DNA from donor ```
44
Natural transformation
DNA that is released from a dead cell is picked up by another live cell DNA is incorporated by homologous recombination Cell contains DNA from dead donor cell
45
Artificial transformation
Accomplished in the lab | Used to transform Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria for molecular cloning
46
Transduction and conjugation may spread genes for pathogenic traits from virulents
virulence plasmids
47
Conjugation may spread antibiotic-resistant genes with
R (resistance) plasmids
48
Autotroph
obtain carbon from inorganic CO2
49
Photoautotroph
carry out photosynthesis to synthesize carbohydrates
50
Oxygenic
produces by-product oxygen using pigment chlorophyll a (only eukaryotic photosynthesis), e.g. cyanobacteria
51
Anoxygenic
produces by-product sulfur or sulfate using pigment bacteriochlorophyll, ex. purple and green sulfur bacteria
52
Chemolithotroph
obtain energy from chemical bonds of inorganic molecules to synthesize carbohydrates (eukaryotes cannot do)
53
Heterotroph
obtain carbon from organic molecules
54
Photoheterotroph
use light as energy source but carbon from organic molecules, ex. purple and green nonsulfur bacteria
55
Chemoheterotroph
= obtain carbon and energy from organic molecules (most prokaryotes, also includes humans and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes), ex. decomposers, pathogens, carnivores

Biology section 2 (7 decks)

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