Fungi and Lichens Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Multicellular heterotrophic organism
A
Fungi
2
Q
Fungi and animals are very much related Fungi and Animalia are sister kingdoms
A
true
3
Q
long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
Digests food
A
Hyphae
4
Q
Sexual/asexual Reproduction
A
Spore production dispersed by wind
▪ Moist: hyphae (mycelium)
5
Q
Mycelia release digestive enzymes in their
surroundings which break down macromolecules and other decaying matter
A
Decomposers
6
Q
develop into large basidium which goes
into meiosis and produce spores
A
Mushrooms
7
Q
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic, feeds by absorption
Lacks plastids; hence, they cannot undergo
food synthesizing processes
A
Fungi
8
Q
fungi DIGEST then INGEST By producing
A
exoenzymes
9
Q
Fungi store their food as ____ like animals
A
glycogen
10
Q
Located underground up to the fruiting body (ascocarp) of the mushroom
A
Hyphae
11
Q
Mass of hyphae
A
Mycelium
12
Q
Haploid cells that Produce hyphae
A
FUNGAL SPORES
13
Q
Hyphae Contains crosswalls with “Septum”
* Separates nucleated cells
A
Septate Hypha
14
Q
Non-Septate Hypha
Multi-nucleated filament
A
Coenocytic Hypha
15
Q
Other types of hyphae that can trap and kill prey, whereas some can even penetrate other cells
A
haustorium/haustoria
16
Q
Mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
Colonize soils by the dispersal of spores
A
Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
17
Q
Mycorrhizal Fungi delivers what micronutrient ions to plant through their filaments
A
Phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and
18
Q
90% of plants have mycorrhizae
A
true
19
Q
Two types of Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
A
Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae
20
Q
Creates a sheath outside
Do not penetrate the cells
Only in the cell wall
A
Ectomycorrhizae
21
Q
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
More common than ectomycorrhizae
Hyphae penetrates the cell
A
Endomycorrhizae
22
Q
fungi that has a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants.
A
Mycorrhizae
23
Q
Cell wall of fungi is composed of
A
chitin
24
Q
Fungal cell membranes have a unique sterol
Replaces cholesterol found in the mammalian cell membrane
A
ergostrerol
25
Mitosis is accomplished without dissolution of the nuclear envelope
Within a fully developed nucleus
true
26
Fungal Growth Requirements
1. More acidic environment
2. Higher osmotic pressure
3. Lower in moisture
4. Low in nitrogen
5. Contain complex carbohydrates
27
Sexual Reproduction stage
Perfect, meiotic
Produces spores
Alternating from haploid → heterokaryotic →
diploid
Teleomorphs
28
Asexual Reproduction stage
Imperfect, mitotic
Produces spores
Haploid
Anamorph
29
2 separate nuclei from 2 mating strains
Heterokaryotic Cell
30
spore producing structures
Sporangium
31
Seen in animals;
Free living organisms are in diploid state;
Diploid multicellular
Diplontic
32
zygote: diploid -
Undergoes meiosis to produce spores
Spores will undergo mitosis;
Fungi and some algae;
Haplontic
33
Plants and some algae
Sporophyte and gametophyte
Multicellular organisms
Sporophyte
o Goes into meiosis
o Megaspores microspores
Diplohaplontic
34
Haploid (gametophyte) and Diploid
(sporophyte) multicellular organism
Diplohaplontic
35
Major Phyla of Fungi
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
36
Most primitive phyla
Aquatic; flagellated
Chytridiomycota
37
o Dikaryotic
o Produces ascospores
Ascomycota
38
Produces basidiospores
Basidiomycota
39
Most primitive
Phylum: Chytridiomycota
Aquatic, some are terrestrial
Saprobic or parasitic
Flagellated spores (zoospores which are asexual)
Cell walls with chitin
Hypochytrids have cellulose - 100 genera, 1000 species
Allomyces
Olpidium
Rhizoplyctis
Chytrids
40
Zygote or conjugating fungi
breadmolds
Do not live solely on bread but other food as well
Zygomycota
41
example of Zygomycota
Rhizopus stolonifer
42
Sporangiospores
Sporangiospores
43
Fusion of the nuclei
Karyogamy
44
Forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
Were once considered zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
45
a symbiosis between plants and members of an ancient phylum of fungi
Type of endomycorrhizae
Establish a mutualistic association with 85% of
land plants
Penetrate walls of cortical cells (but not the
plasma membrane)
Vital in P uptake and water stress
Arbuscule
arbuscular mycorrhizae
46
the sites of exchange for phosphorus, carbon, water, and other nutrients
Highly branches vesicle
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
Intercellular invasion of plant cells
Arbuscule
47
sac fungi
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
Produce ascospores
o Sexual spores
o In asci
▪ Contained in fruiting bodies (ascocarps)
Ascomycetes
48
Asexual spores growing at the tip of the hypha
Not contained in any structure; naked
haploid
conidia
49
Bearer of conidia
Conidiophore
50
is a genus of ascomycetes fungi that have an unbranched and non-septate conidiophore
Aspergillus
51
is another genus of ascomycetes fungi that have a branched, septate and brush-like conidiophore.
Penicillium
52
ascomycetes
unicellular – asexual reproduction; cell fission or budding
Blastospores, Bud coming off the parent cell
Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
53
Sexual Reproduction of Ascomycetes Occurs in the
ascocarp, specifically in the hymenium
54
Fruiting body
Ascocarp
55
open ascocarp
Apothecium
56
close ascocarp
Cleistothecium
57
there is a slit; pear-like shape
Perithecium
58
Parts of the ascocarp
hymenium
ascus
mycelia
59
Fertile layer; margin/mouth of the
ascocarp Fertilized part of the ascocarp
Comprised of many asci
Hymenium
60
contains ascospores
Asci
61
within the ascocarp produces asci (singular: ascus), sacs that are walled off from the rest of the hyphae. Nuclear fusion within an ascus will produce a diploid zygote.
dikaryotic hyphae
62
the female sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi
Ascogonium
63
the male sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi
Antheridium
64
Ascus initially has 2 nuclei but eventually fuses due to karyogamy
true
65
Mycelia Initially has one nucleus per cell
Septate hyphae
true
66
are fungi that have a yeast (or yeast-like) phase inside and a mold (filamentous) phase outside.
Dimorphic fungi
67
Produces basidium
Also produces pathogens (ruts and smuts)
Mushroom and shelf fungi
Includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, which can erect its fruiting structure in just a few hours
Basidiomycetes
68
Fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes
Basidiocarp
69
Stage when the mushroom is edible
Dikaryotic Stage
70
Lined with hymenium
o Composed of many basidia
Gills
71
Has stipe
Stipitate Mushrooms
72
Absent stipe
Extipitate Mushrooms
73
Basidiomycetes -
Pathogenic and parasitic -
Type of molds
Parasitic on plants
rusts and Smuts
74
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Urediniomycetes
Genera: Uredinales
Rusts
75
Division: Ustilagomycota
Class: Ustilagomycetes
Genera: Ustilaginales
Smuts
76
Needs the activation of both + and – strains
coming together; both mating types
▪ Requires two different mating strains
o Forming different bodies in diff organisms
Heterothallic
77
Incapable of completing life cycle saprobically
Nutritional mode or feeding mode
Obligate biotroph
78
host is kept alive
Biotrophic
79
feeds on dead organic matter; does not kill nor benefit from the alive matter
Saprotrophic
80
host is kept alive
Necrotrophic
81
May produce as many as five diff spore
producing stages in their life cycles
Heteroecism
Autoecism
Uredinales: Rust
82
Requires two taxonomically different host
plants in order to complete life cycle
Heteroecism
83
Entire life cycle completed on a single host
species
Autoecism
84
Monokaryotic - No sex organs - Dikaryon pathogenic - Heterothallic
o Mating of compatible spores - Teliospores
Ustilaginales: Smuts
85
“Fungi imperfecti” - Sexual reproduction has not been described; they
have only shown asexual reproductive capabilities - Not a true phylum (not a natural group); polyphyletic - Fungi with no known sexual reproduction
o Asexual reproduction by conidia
Deuteromycota
86
Aerobic and filamentous
▪ Mildews
▪ Rusts
▪ Smuts
o Grow on surfaces
Molds
87
Unicellular/nonfilamentous
o Spherical or oval
o Facultatively anaerobic
o Powdery coating on plant materials
Yeasts
88
Asexual Spores
Formed by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium
spp.
Not enclosed in a sac; multiple (chains) or
single spores formed at the end of an aerial hypha
Asexual Spores
89
Asexual Spores
o Derived from the spores produced by the
Candida albicans
o Formed within hypha
o Thick-walled spore
o Nutrient is shunted from adjacent cells into a preferred cell and it swells up, converts nutrient materials to oil droplets for efficient storage, then rounds off with a thick, often roughened outer wall for protection
Chlamydospores
90
Asexual Spores
Zygomycetes
Sporangiospores
91
Asexual Spores
o Formed by yeasts
o Buds of the parent cell
Blastospores
92
Dual organism
o Symbiotic associations between a phototroph
(phycobiont) and a fungus (mycobiont)
Lichens
93
Green alga or cyanobacterium or
both
Phycobiont
94
Ascomycetes or basidiomycete
Mycobiont
95
Grass-like; grows on rocks
Crustose
96
Leaf-like
Lobed thallus with threadlike rhizines
Foliose
97
Thread-like structures produces by lower cortex, attaching thallus to the substrate
rhizines
98
Tree-like/Shrub-like
Grow away from their substrates and branch repeatedly
Fruticose
99
Chlorophyta OR Cyanobacteria
Phycobiont
100
Names are fungal names
Based on their fungal partner
Mycobionts
101
Asexual Reproduction of lichens
Soredia
Isidia
102
Powdery mass released from ruptures in thallus
Housed in the soralium
Soredia
103
Finger-like or branched structure that grow up from the thallus
Outgrowth
Isidia
104
Fungi
Principal decomposers
The only organism capable of breaking down lignin
Bioindicators of air quality
105
superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails
cutaneous mycoses
106
Fungi in Cutaneous Mycoses
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
