INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATICS Flashcards by Miyaki Jan Lim

Science dealing with the description, classification, identification and nomenclature of extinct and extant organisms and viruses

Taxonomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Science dealing with the “taxonomy” of biological diversity and the determination of their phylogenetic or evolutionary relationships ➡ Taxonomy + biodiversity + phylogenetic relationships

Systematics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

evolutionary relationships

phylogenetic relationships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances (=morphological similarity)

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Father of Modern Taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus Carl von Linne)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carolus Linnaeus and othe name

Carl von Linne

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two key features of Carolus Linnaeus’ system

binomial nomenclature
hierarchical classification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

7 taxa / categories
Linnaeus, Systema Naturae,

year

hierarchical classification (1735)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hierarchical classification book and year

Systema Naturae
1735

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

binomial nomenclature book and year

Species Plantarum
1753

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The two-part scientific name of a species is called a binomial

First part of the name = genus
Second part = specific epithet [unique for each species within the genus] The proper way of writing the scientific name : First letter of genus always

CAPITALIZED Specific epithet always in lower cas Must be underlined when handwritten; italicized when typewritten Include author of the name
Uses Latin or Latinized words

Binomial Nomenclature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Linnaeus, Species Plantarum,

year

binomial nomenclature (1753)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The two-part scientific name of a species

Binomial Nomenclature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Binomial Nomenclature rules

First part of the name = genus
Second part = specific epithet

The proper way of writing the scientific name : First letter of genus always

CAPITALIZED Specific epithet always in lower case

Must be underlined when handwritten; italicized when typewritten Include author of the name

Uses Latin or Latinized words

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[unique for each species within the genus]

specific epithet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INTERNATIONAL CODES OF NOMENCLATURE (5)

International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP, 2019)
International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN) (=Shenzhen Code, 2018)
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (2012)
The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICTV 2018)
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP, 2016)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The scientific naming of plants, algae, and fungi has deep historical roots. A major landmark was the publication in

by + date

1753 of Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The first Code of nomenclature was

by + date

Alphonse de Candolle’s Lois de la Nomenclature Botanique (1867).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PRINCIPLE I: The nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants is independent of zoological and prokaryotic nomenclature. This Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as algae, fungi, or plants, whether or not these groups were originally so treated (see Pre. 8).

PRINCIPLE II. The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types.

PRINCIPLE III. The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication.

PRINCIPLE IV. Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules, except in specified cases.

PRINCIPLE V. Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation.

PRINCIPLE VI. The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) (=Shenzhen Code, 2018)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

there is not a single name that is not associated by a nomeclature type

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described.

It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the

Holotype

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Zoological nomenclature is the system of scientific names applied to taxonomic units (taxa; singular: taxon) of extant or extinct animals.

For the purposes of this Code the term “animals” refers to the Metazoa and also to protistan taxa when workers treat them as animals for the purposes of nomenclature.

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (2012)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Code of Nomenclature to all Prokaryotes.

International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) (2019)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants;

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The nomenclature of viruses is provided for by the

International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature.

covers those organisms that are variously recognized as e.g. Schizomycetes, Bacteria, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Archaeobacteria, Archaea, Schizophycetes, Cyanophyceae and Cyanobacteria.

"Prokaryotes"

The ICTV is not responsible for classification and nomenclature of virus taxa below the rank of species.

TRUE

The classification and naming of serotypes, genotypes, strains, variants and isolates of virus species is the responsibility of acknowledged international specialist groups.

TRUE

Artificially created viruses and laboratory hybrid viruses will not be given taxonomic consideration. Their classification will be the responsibility of acknowledged international specialist groups.

TRUE

Taxa will be established only when representative member viruses are sufficiently well characterized and described in the published literature so as to allow them to be identified unambiguously and the taxon to be distinguished from other similar taxa.

TRUE

classification of 7 taxa (taxon, sing.) / ranks / categories = K,P,C,O,F,G,S

Hierarchical classification Carl Linnaeus - (1735)

7 taxa

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

the evolutionary history of a species or group of organisms can be shown in a branching phylogenetic tree (=cladogram).

Phylogeny

origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult. The term can also be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan.

Ontogeny

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be shown in a branching

phylogenetic tree =cladogram

Phylogeny indicates birds as a subgroup of reptiles Systematists have proposed a classification system that would recognize only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants

TRUE

Linnaean classification and phylogeny can differ from each other

TRUE

an unresolved pattern of divergence.

polytomy

represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships Each branch point represents the divergence of two species

phylogenetic tree

Tree branches can be rotated around a branch point without changing the evolutionary relationships

true

are groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Sister taxa

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

rooted tree

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

basal taxon

branch from which more than two groups emerge

polytomy

Pre-existing feature? ancestral feature

Plesiomorphy

Pre-existing feature? shared ancestral feature in other taxa

Symplesiomorphy

New feature? derived feature

Apomorphy

New feature? shared derived feature in other taxa

Synapomorphy

Systematists gather what types of data for phylogeny

morphological and molecular data (genes and biochemistry) of living organisms and analyze fossil records.

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are

homologies

Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences

true

similarity due to shared ancestry

Homology

is similarity due to convergent evolution

Analogy

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages.

Convergent evolution

All forms of life share a common ancestor.

true

Taxa which share a common ancestor more recent in time are more closely related to one another than they are to a taxon whose common ancestor is further back in time.

true

Each change in a nucleic acid = one evolutionary event!

true

The more events, the more distantly related are the species. Fewer events means that a species is more closely related

true

A phylogenetic tree is also called a

cladogram

Each branch in the tree is called a a group of species that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

clade

consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. "single tribe" Only qualify as legitimate taxa derived from cladistics.

Monophyletic clade

consists of an ancestor and some but not all of the descendants. does not meet the cladistic criterion

Paraphyletic clade

consists of various species with different ancestors; lacks a common ancestor Fails the cladistic test

Polyphyletic clade

homologous characters that are shared by more than one taxone.g. backbone is shared by mammals and reptiles.

Shared primitive characters

an evolutionary novelty that is unique for a particular clade.

Shared derived characters

Classification Schemes

Classical/Artificial Phenetics / Natural Cladistics

Classification Schemes based on few observable characters

Classical/Artificial

Classical/Artificial example

e.g. Linnaeus Sexual System and Theophrastus form system of plant classification

a simple and practical method of dividing the plant kingdom into groups, based on the arrangement of stamens and pistils

Linnaeus Sexual System

categorized plants into four categories: trees, shrubs, under shrubs, and herbs of their habitat, form, and texture. He named and described 480 plants in his book "Historia Plantarum"

Theophrastus form system of plant classification

Constructs phenograms based on overall similarity, largely phenotypic, without regard to evolutionary history; all characters are given equal weights

Phenetics / Natural

Phenetics / Natural example

Sneath and Sokal Numerical Taxonomy (1973)

constructs cladograms anchored on assumed phylogenetic relationships

Cladistics

Cladistics example

Willi Hennig Phylogenetic Systematics (1966)

the formal name for the field within biology that reconstructs evolutionary history and studies the patterns of relationships among organisms.

Willi Hennig Phylogenetic Systematics (1966)

book BY CHARLES DARWIN, + date

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. 1859

Proposed the Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Flowering Plants - Based classification on 28 guiding dicta to determine level of being simple/complex, primitive/advanced

Charles Bessey (1845-1915)

how did charles bessey illustrate his findings on flowering plants?

cactus tree

Premolecular classification

Artificial Natural Phylogenetic

Molecular classifications

Phylogenetic

Phylogenetic based on a wide array of characters including the molecular and micromorphological level (based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) Plant Classification System

Postmolecular Classification

is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Plant Classification Systems

Molecular Pre molecular Post molcular

2- Kingdom Vegetabilia Animalia

(Linnaeus, 1735)

3-kingdom Protista Animalia Plantae

(Haeckel, 1866)

4-kingdom Monera Protista Plantae Animalia

(Copeland, 1938)

5-kingdom Monera Plantae Fungi Protista Animalia

(Whittaker, 1969)

6-kingdom Eubacteria Protista Archaebacteria Fungi Animalia Plantae

(Woese, 1977)

3-Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

(Woese,1990)

Six-Kingdom Classification (Woese, 1977) (kingdom with domain)

Kingdom Eubacteria (domain Bacteria) Kingdom Archaebacteria (domain Archaea) Kingdom Protista (domain Eukarya) Kingdom Fungi (domain Eukarya) Kingdom Plantae (domain Eukarya) Kingdom Animalia (domain Eukarya)