PROTOZOA Flashcards
1
Q
Dates to 3.5 billion years ago
First evidence of life
Origin of complex eukaryote cells
A
Cellular Symbiosis
2
Q
First cells were
A
bacteria-like
3
Q
Modification of engulfed
prokaryote into an organelle:
A
Primary endosymbiosis
4
Q
Aerobic bacteria engulfed by
bacteria
May have become
______ found in most
modern eukaryotic cells
A
mitochondria
5
Q
Engulfed photosynthetic
bacteria evolved into
A
chloroplasts
6
Q
Descendants in green algae lineage gave rise to
A
multicellular plants
7
Q
One eukaryotic cell engulfed another eukaryotic cell
A
Secondary endosymbiosis
8
Q
how did the emergence of Eukaryotes happen?
A
Other groups apparently originated by Secondary endosymbiosis
Latter became transformed into an organelle
9
Q
lack cell wall
one motile stage in the life cycle
most ingest their food
Carry on all life activities within a single-cell
Can survive only within narrow environmental ranges
Very important ecologically
A
Protozoa
10
Q
there are at least * amount* species of protozoa are symbiotic in or on other plants on animals
A
10,000
11
Q
Kingdom Protista members
A
Plant-like protist (algae)
Animal-like protists (protozoans)
Fungus like protist
12
Q
photosynthetic autotrophs
algae
A
plant-like protists
13
Q
heterotrophs
protozoa
A
Animal-like protist
14
Q
heterotroph
molds
A
fungi-like protist
15
Q
Plant-like protist examples
A
unicellular
euglenophyta
Chrysophyta
pyrrophyta
multicellular
chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
16
Q
Examples of Animal-like protists
A
Sarcodina - amoeba
Ciliophora- paramecium
Zoomastigophora - tripanosome
sporozoa - plasmodium
17
Q
Fungus time protist examples
A
myxomycota-slime molds
oomycota-water molds
18
Q
Once considered one phylum
Recently shown that there are at least seven or more phyla
May be more than 60 exclusive eukaryotic clades
Now used informally without implying phyletic relationship
A
Protozoa
19
Q
Nutrition in Protozoans
A
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Mixotrophs
20
Q
Nutrition in Protozoans
contain chloroplasts
A
Autotrophs
21
Q
Nutrition in Protozoans
absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Phagocytosis
A
Heterotrophs
22
Q
Nutrition in Protozoans
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
A
Mixotrophs
23
Q
Protozoans Occur in Diverse Habitats, where?
A
Freshwater and marine
Require moisture
24
Q
Diverse relationships of protozoans
A
Mutualistic Commensalistic Parasitic
25
Protists have three main methods of locomotion
have one or two long flagella that they can whip around and propel themselves through the water
cillia for both feeding and locomotion
Others use ameboid movement to get around
26
A pseudopod is extended forward,
followed by the rest of the organism
ameboid movement
27
Cilia and flagella share an internal structure of the
extending beyond the cell
consisting of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair
axoneme
28
Inside the cell, the
consists of 9 triplets of microtubules just like centrioles.
kinetosome
29
are extensions of the cell cytoplasm used for locomotion.
Pseudopodia
30
Large blunt extensions of the cell body
Contains both endoplasm and ectoplasm
Lobopodia
31
Thin extensions Containing only ectoplasm
Filopodia
32
Repeatedly rejoin to form a netlike mesh
Reticulopodia
33
Long thin pseudopodia
Support by axial rods of microtubules
Axopodia
34
Functional Components of Protozoan cells
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi
Plastids
Extrusomes
35
Nutrition intake methods in Protozoans
Holozoic feeders, or phagotrophs
pinocytosis
36
ingest particles of food
Holozoic feeders, or phagotrophs
37
the membrane-bound vesicle containing the food.
fuse with lysosomes containing digestive enzymes.
Food vacuole
38
the site of phagocytosis is a definite mouth structure
cytosome
39
Saprozoic feeding may be by
or by transport of solutes across the cell membrane.
pinocytosis
40
ingestion of soluble food
Saprozoic feeding
41
Organelle used for Excretion and osmoregulation
Contractile vacuoles
42
fill with fluid and then expel the fluid outside the cell
More common in freshwater
species.
Contractile vacuoles
43
Asexual Processes
Produces more individuals than other forms of reproduct
Fission
44
one individual splits into two equal sized individuals.
Binary fission
45
progeny cell much smaller than a parent.
Budding
46
multiple nuclear divisions followed by multiple cytoplasmic
divisions producing several offspring.
Multiple fission
47
types of asexual reproduction in Protozoa
Binary fission
Budding
Multiple fission
48
all of the asexual reproductions involve or accompanied by
mitosis
49
Mitosis in protozoa divisions varies from
metazoan mitosis
50
Differences of protozoan mitosis and metazoan mitosis
• Nuclear membrane often persists
• Spindle may form within the nuclear membrane
• Centrioles not observed in ciliates
• Macronucleus of ciliates elongates, constricts, and divides without mitosis (amitosis)
51
Macronucleus of ciliates elongates, constricts, and divides without mitosis
amitosis
52
can protists reproduce sexually and asexually
true
53
gametes all look alike
Isogametes
54
gametes are two different types
Anisogametes
55
gametes from two individuals fuse to form the zygote.
Syngamy
56
gametes from one individual fuse.
Autogamy
57
gametic nuclei are exchanged.
Conjugation
58
Major protozoa taxa
very large clade characterized by a combination of flattened mitochondrial cristae and one posterior flagellum on flagellated cells
Includes animals, fungi, chaonoflagellates and microsporidians.
Opisthokonta
59
clade
includes several groups of heterotrophs and certain groups of algae.
most have a “hairy”flagellum paired with a “smooth”
flagellum
Includes Water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae.
Clade Stramenophiles
60
clade
contains unicellular and multicellular green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants.
Clade Viridiplantae
61
phylum with single celled algae colonial forms, present in clade viridiplantae
Phylum Chlorophyta
62
Clade Viridiplantae,
colonial organism that shows a division of labor where most cells are
somatic cells
Concerned with nutrition & locomotion, but a few germ cells are responsible for reproduction.
Volvox
63
a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.
Phylum Euglenozoa
64
example subphylum of Phylum Euglenozoa
Kinetoplastids & Euglenids
65
Phylum where there is a Persistence of nucleoli during mitosis.
Cell membrane contains microtubules to stiffen it into a pellicle.
Phylum Euglenozoa
66
Subphylum
have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.
Contain chloroplasts surrounded by a double membrane
Subphylum Euglenida
67
Subphylum Euglenida has arisan by the first or secondary symbiosis
may have arisen by secondary endosymbiosis.
68
have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.
Include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems.
Others are parasitic.
Subphylum Kinetoplasta
69
single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a
kinetoplast
70
example of genera in Subphylum Kinetoplasta
Trypanosoma
71
Phylum
Includes commensal and parasitic unicells
lack mitochondria and Golgi
Phylum Retortamonada
72
Phylum Retortamonada group
Are adapted to anaerobic environments.
Lack plastids.
Lack mitochondria but may have mitochondrial genes in the nucleus.
have two nuclei and multiple flagella.
Diplomonads
73
examples Diplomonads
Giardia
74
Phylum Retortamonada group
Move using flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane.
This clade may have diverged from the main eukaryotic clade very early.
Parabasalids
75
examples Parabasalids
trcihomonas, Trichonympha, Spirotrichonympha
76
clade
have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.
Clade Alveolata
77
examples of Clade Alveolata
Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates.
78
Members of the phylum ____ use cilia to move and feed.
Ciliophora
79
Phylum Alveolata
Members of the phylum Ciliophora use cilia to move and feed
have large macronuclei and small micronuclei.
are a large, varied group of protists
Ciliates
80
Ciliates Many have structures that can be expelled such as
Defensive function
trichocysts and toxicysts
81
All ciliates have a _____ system made up of the cilia, kinetosomes and other fibrils.
kinety
82
ciliates that lose cilia as adults, grow a stalk and become sessile.
Use tubelike tentacles for feeding.
Suctorians
83
ciliates which are some commensal, others parasitic.
Symbiotic ciliates
84
cilaltes that may be swimmers, or sessile.
Free-living ciliates
85
Free-living ciliates examples
Stentor, Vorticella, Paramecium
86
Reproduction in Paramecium
Paramecium, as well as many other protists, reproduce asexually by binary fission. or conjuagtion sexually
87
is a sexual process that produces genetic variation in paramecium
Conjugation
88
Phylum Alveolata
A diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs.
Abundant in both marine and freshwater phytoplankton
Dinoflagellates
89
Phylum Alveolata
Each has a characteristic shape that in many species is reinforced by internal plates of cellulose.
Dinoflagellates
90
Phylum Alveolata
Two flagella make them spin as they move through the water.
Dinoflagellates
91
Rapid growth of some ______ is responsible for causing “red tides,” which can be toxic to humans.
dinoflagellates
92
Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent.
true
93
dinoflagellates live symbiotically with corals called
zooxanthellae
94
Phylum Alveolata
are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases.
Have a non-photosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast.
Apicomplexans
95
Phylum Alveolata
Named because one end, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues.
Apicomplexans
96
Phylum Alveolata
have intricate life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages that often require two or more different host species for completion.
Apicomplexans
97
Phylum
are found in fresh and salt water as well as moist soil.
feeds by wrapping a pseudopod around its food – phagocytosis.
Phylum Amoebozoa
98
Phylum Amoebozoa
parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates.
-Entamoebas
99
causes amebic dysentery in humans.
Entamoeba histolytica
100
Phylum
Has a slender pseudopodia that extend through openings in the test, then branch and run together forming a net (reticulopodia).
Phylum Foraminifera
101
Foraminiferans, or forams are named for their porous, generally multichambered shells, called
tests.
102
Phylum
Pseudopodia extends through the pores in the test.
Phylum Foraminifera
103
_______ in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record.
Foram tests
104
Subphylum
It refers to marine testate ameba with intricate skeletons.
They have very diverse and beautiful forms.
Useful for determining the age of rock strata.
Radiolaria
105
Radiolaria
The pseudopodia of radiolarians, known as
The pseudopodia of radiolarians, known as
axopodia
