G5 Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
What is the age and status of the patient with infectious mononucleosis?
A
20-year-old college student
2
Q
What symptoms did Imee present with initially?
A
persistent fatigue+low-grade fever+sore throat+headaches+muscle aches lasting over a week
3
Q
What physical signs developed as symptoms worsened in Imee?
A
bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy+diminished appetite+prolonged sleep without relief
4
Q
What were the key findings on physical examination of Imee?
A
fever 38.4 degrees Celsius+enlarged tonsils with white exudate+tender neck lymph nodes+mild splenomegaly
5
Q
What laboratory finding indicates increased white blood cells in Imee?
A
leukocytosis with marked lymphocytosis
6
Q
What abnormal cells were seen on Imee’s peripheral blood smear?
A
atypical lymphocytes
7
Q
Which liver enzymes were mildly elevated in Imee?
A
aspartate aminotransferase+alanine aminotransferase
8
Q
What was the result of the throat swab test for Group A Streptococcus in Imee?
A
negative
9
Q
Which antibody test was positive confirming infectious mononucleosis in Imee?
A
heterophile antibody Monospot test
10
Q
Which Epstein-Barr virus specific antibody was positive in Imee?
A
viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin M antibodies
11
Q
What is the confirmed diagnosis in Imee’s case?
A
infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus
12
Q
Who discovered Epstein-Barr virus and when?
A
Michael Epstein+Yvonne Barr+Bert Achong in 1964
13
Q
From what tumor samples was Epstein-Barr virus first identified?
A
Burkitt lymphoma tumors from Uganda
14
Q
How is Epstein-Barr virus classified by the World Health Organization?
A
Group 1 carcinogen
15
Q
What is another name for Epstein-Barr virus?
A
human herpes virus 4
16
Q
To which virus family does Epstein-Barr virus belong?
A
Herpesviridae family
17
Q
What type of virus is Epstein-Barr virus?
A
DNA virus
18
Q
What is the subfamily of Epstein-Barr virus?
A
Gammaherpesvirinae
19
Q
What disease does Epstein-Barr virus cause?
A
infectious mononucleosis
20
Q
Describe the structure of Epstein-Barr virus.
A
enveloped icosahedral capsid with linear double-stranded DNA genome approximately 172 kilobases
21
Q
Name the types of viral proteins expressed by Epstein-Barr virus.
A
early antigens+viral capsid antigens+latent antigens Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens
22
Q
Where does Epstein-Barr virus establish lifelong latency?
A
B lymphocytes nucleus episomally
23
Q
How does Epstein-Barr virus enter host cells?
A
through oropharyngeal epithelium attaching to CD21 receptor on B cells
24
Q
What cells does Epstein-Barr virus primarily infect?
A
B cells and epithelial cells
25
Where does Epstein-Barr virus persist during latency?
memory B cells
26
What triggers reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus?
immunosuppression or stress
27
What happens during Epstein-Barr virus reactivation?
viral gene expression new virion production lytic replication
28
What receptor does Epstein-Barr virus use to infect host cells?
CD21 molecule
29
What antibodies are secreted by virus-infected B cells?
heterophile antibodies+autoantibodies cold agglutinins+rheumatoid factor+antinuclear antibodies
30
List the viral antigens of Epstein-Barr virus.
early antigens EA-D EA-R+late antigens viral capsid antigens+latent antigens Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens+latent membrane proteins
31
What is the primary mode of transmission for Epstein-Barr virus?
saliva
32
What nickname is given to Epstein-Barr virus transmission?
kissing disease
33
Name other modes of Epstein-Barr virus transmission.
close personal contact sharing drinks utensils toothbrushes+perinatal vertical transmission+sexual contact+blood products and transplants+healthcare exposure
34
What is the incubation period of Epstein-Barr virus infection?
30 to 50 days
35
What are common symptoms of Epstein-Barr virus infection?
headache fever malaise fatigue sore throat splenomegaly lymph node enlargement
36
How long does typical infectious mononucleosis illness last?
2 to 4 weeks
37
What happens to white blood cell count during infectious mononucleosis?
increase with predominance of lymphocytes
38
How long may low-grade fever and malaise persist after acute infectious mononucleosis?
weeks to months
39
Who is at risk of complications from Epstein-Barr virus infection?
immunosuppressed individuals such as AIDS patients or chemotherapy patients
40
What cancers are associated with Epstein-Barr virus in immunosuppressed patients?
Burkitt lymphoma
41
What is the classic triad of symptoms in infectious mononucleosis?
fever pharyngitis lymphadenopathy
42
What is the fever temperature in infectious mononucleosis?
38.4 degrees Celsius or 101.1 degrees Fahrenheit
43
Describe pharyngitis in infectious mononucleosis.
sore throat erythematous enlarged tonsils with white exudate
44
Describe lymphadenopathy in infectious mononucleosis.
bilateral tender cervical lymph node swelling
45
What systemic symptom in infectious mononucleosis involves prolonged tiredness?
fatigue and malaise
46
What systemic symptom in infectious mononucleosis includes non-specific head and muscle pain?
headaches and myalgia
47
What systemic symptom in infectious mononucleosis is characterized by excess sleep without feeling rested?
hypersomnia with unrefreshing rest
48
What systemic symptom in infectious mononucleosis involves loss of appetite?
anorexia
49
What physical exam finding is present in up to 50 percent of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis cases?
palpable splenomegaly
50
What physical exam finding is absent despite mild hepatitis in Epstein-Barr virus infection?
hepatomegaly
51
Which liver enzymes are mildly elevated in Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis?
aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase
52
What serologic marker indicates acute Epstein-Barr virus infection?
viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin M
53
What is the gold standard method to detect viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin M?
indirect immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using synthetic Epstein-Barr virus protein
54
Which serologic marker indicates acute or past Epstein-Barr virus infection?
viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin G
55
Which serologic marker indicates past Epstein-Barr virus infection?
Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen
56
What laboratory test evaluates overall white blood cell count and differential in infectious mononucleosis?
complete blood count
57
What is the typical white blood cell finding in Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis?
leukocytosis with markedly elevated lymphocytes
58
What blood smear finding is characteristic of Epstein-Barr virus infection?
Downey Type II lymphocytes
59
What liver function test abnormality indicates mild hepatitis in infectious mononucleosis?
mildly elevated transaminases
60
What is the presumptive screening test for heterophile antibodies in infectious mononucleosis?
Paul Bunnel test
61
What is the principle of the Paul Bunnel test?
hemagglutination
62
What cells do heterophile antibodies agglutinate in the Paul Bunnel test?
sheep red blood cells
63
What test distinguishes infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibodies from other heterophile antibodies?
Davidson Differential test
64
What is the principle of the Davidson Differential test?
absorption-hemagglutination
65
What animal kidney extract is used in the Davidson Differential test absorption?
guinea pig kidney
66
What is the rapid slide-based test for heterophile antibodies in infectious mononucleosis?
Monospot test or Wampole method
67
What antiviral agents are used in infectious mononucleosis treatment?
acyclovir and ganciclovir
68
What is the cornerstone of managing infectious mononucleosis?
supportive care
69
Is there a vaccine available to prevent Epstein-Barr virus infection?
no
70
What is the primary prevention method for Epstein-Barr virus infection?
minimizing exposure to saliva and bodily fluids from infected individuals
71
What health program provides education and surveillance on Epstein-Barr virus?
Department of Health immunization program
72
Which organizations monitor Epstein-Barr virus-related cancers and include EBV in immunosuppression guidance?
World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
73
What is the aim of current Epstein-Barr virus initiatives despite no vaccine?
prevent childhood infections and reduce virus-related complications by strengthening immunity
74
Which medical center is involved in research on Epstein-Barr virus DNA detection?
St. Luke's Medical Center
75
What disease is likely with symptoms of plasma leakage and hemorrhagic manifestations?
dengue hemorrhagic fever or severe dengue
76
What virus causes dengue hemorrhagic fever?
dengue virus
77
To which virus family does dengue virus belong?
Flaviviridae
78
How many serotypes does dengue virus have?
four serotypes
79
What immunity does infection with one dengue serotype provide?
lifelong immunity to that serotype only
80
What can secondary dengue infection lead to?
dengue hemorrhagic fever due to antibody-dependent enhancement
81
What is the structure of dengue virus?
enveloped spherical RNA virus approximately 50 nanometers
82
What type of genome does dengue virus have?
positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome approximately 11 kilobases
83
Name the structural proteins encoded by dengue virus.
capsid, precursor membrane, membrane, envelope
84
Name the non-structural proteins encoded by dengue virus.
non-structural proteins one to five
85
Which cells does dengue virus replicate in?
monocytes macrophages endothelial cells
86
Where is dengue virus endemic?
tropical and subtropical regions including Asia Latin America Caribbean
87
How many dengue infections occur annually worldwide?
approximately 390 million
88
How many severe dengue cases occur annually?
500,000
89
What are risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever?
previous infection young age urbanization poor vector control
90
What is the primary vector of dengue virus?
Aedes aegypti mosquito
91
What is the secondary vector of dengue virus?
Aedes albopictus mosquito
92
Where does Aedes aegypti breed?
clean stagnant water such as containers and tires
93
What aids the spread of dengue vectors?
climate change and global trade
94
How long is the life cycle from egg to adult for Aedes aegypti?
approximately eight days
95
How many eggs does a female Aedes aegypti lay per batch?
about 100 to 120 eggs
96
How many times can a female Aedes aegypti lay eggs during its life?
up to five times
97
What initiates dengue virus infection in humans?
bite of infected Aedes mosquito
98
Which cells are first infected by dengue virus?
dendritic cells
99
Which cells does dengue virus spread to after initial infection?
monocytes and macrophages
100
What causes viremia in dengue infection?
virus replication and entry into bloodstream
101
What happens in primary dengue infection?
immune system produces neutralizing antibodies
102
What happens in secondary dengue infection with different serotype?
existing antibodies bind but do not neutralize virus
103
What process allows antibodies to facilitate dengue virus entry into immune cells?
antibody-dependent enhancement
104
What is the result of antibody-dependent enhancement?
higher viral replication and widespread immune activation
105
What is a key immunopathologic mechanism in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
dengue virus-antibody immune complexes triggering vasoactive mediator release
106
What do vasoactive mediators cause in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
increased vascular permeability vascular leakage hemorrhagic manifestations hemoconcentration serous effusions
107
What severe complication can dengue hemorrhagic fever lead to?
circulatory collapse or dengue shock syndrome
108
What are warning signs of progression to severe dengue?
severe abdominal pain persistent vomiting hematemesis epistaxis melena edema lethargy confusion restlessness hepatomegaly pleural effusion ascites marked temperature change
109
What bleeding manifestations occur in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
purpura petechiae ecchymoses hematemesis melena epistaxis subarachnoid hemorrhage
110
What respiratory complications are common in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
bronchopneumonia with or without bilateral pleural effusions
111
What cardiac complication can occur in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
myocarditis
112
What is the mortality rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever in experienced centers?
less than one percent
113
What clinical criteria define dengue hemorrhagic fever according to World Health Organization?
sudden high fever two to seven days hemorrhagic manifestations hepatomegaly
114
What hemorrhagic manifestations define dengue hemorrhagic fever?
positive tourniquet test petechiae purpura ecchymoses bleeding gums hematemesis melena
115
How is the tourniquet test performed?
inflating blood pressure cuff midway between systolic and diastolic for fifteen minutes counting petechiae in two point five centimeter diameter circle
116
What petechiae count suggests capillary fragility in tourniquet test?
more than twenty petechiae
117
What coagulation abnormalities are seen in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
thrombocytopenia prolonged prothrombin time prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time decreased fibrinogen increased fibrin split products
118
What other laboratory findings may occur in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
hypoproteinemia mild proteinuria increased aspartate aminotransferase levels
119
What serological test diagnoses dengue infection early?
immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
120
What combined test can diagnose dengue within first one to seven days?
dengue virus RNA amplification test
121
What is the specific and sensitive test for dengue virus infection?
plaque reduction neutralization test
122
What clinical findings suggest dengue hemorrhagic fever in children?
World Health Organization-defined clinical criteria plus thrombocytopenia or hemoconcentration
123
What is the typical fever duration in dengue fever?
two to seven days
124
What are common symptoms in dengue fever?
severe headache retro-orbital pain myalgia arthralgia macular or maculopapular rash minor hemorrhagic manifestations
125
What minor hemorrhagic manifestations occur in dengue fever?
petechiae ecchymosis purpura epistaxis gingival bleeding hematuria positive tourniquet test
126
What are warning signs of severe dengue in late febrile phase?
persistent vomiting severe abdominal pain fluid accumulation mucosal bleeding lethargy restlessness postural hypotension liver enlargement progressive hematocrit increase
127
What are common symptoms in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
anorexia nausea vomiting abdominal pain facial flush hemorrhagic spots on body arms legs
128
What are standard World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for dengue hemorrhagic fever?
high fever easy bleeding abdominal pain at right costal margin shock decreased platelets hemoconcentration
129
What are common hemorrhagic phenomena in dengue?
positive tourniquet test easy bruising bleeding at venepuncture sites discrete fine petechiae on extremities axillae face soft palate
130
What liver findings are common in dengue fever?
palpable liver tender liver enlargement two to four centimeters below costal margin
131
What critical stage occurs after two to seven days of fever in dengue?
rapid fall in temperature with circulatory disturbance signs
132
What complications arise from uncorrected dengue shock syndrome?
metabolic acidosis severe gastrointestinal bleeding intracranial hemorrhages encephalopathy
133
What are common convalescent findings in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
sinus bradycardia arrhythmia confluent petechial rash small round areas of normal skin
134
What immune cells release cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in dengue infection?
infected immune cells
135
What is the term for excessive cytokine release causing endothelial dysfunction in dengue?
cytokine storm
136
What vascular effect results from cytokine storm in dengue?
increased capillary permeability
137
What immune system component is activated during dengue cytokine storm?
complement system
138
What does damaged endothelium cause in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
plasma leakage into tissues
139
What are the consequences of plasma leakage in dengue?
hemoconcentration hypovolemia hypotension
140
What clinical signs indicate dengue shock syndrome?
cold extremities weak pulse low blood pressure
141
What bone marrow effect contributes to coagulopathy in dengue?
bone marrow suppression
142
What blood abnormality results from decreased platelet production in dengue?
thrombocytopenia
143
What causes coagulopathy in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
coagulation factor consumption vascular fragility
144
What bleeding signs are common in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
petechiae bruising gum bleeding nosebleeds positive tourniquet test
145
Which organs are commonly involved in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
liver gastrointestinal tract brain (rare)
146
What liver enzyme elevations indicate hepatocellular injury in dengue?
elevated aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase
147
What gastrointestinal symptoms occur in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
abdominal pain vomiting potential bleeding
148
What rare brain complication can occur in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
encephalopathy due to liver dysfunction or fluid shifts
149
What is the primary mode of dengue virus transmission?
mosquito-borne transmission by infected female Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus
150
How does a mosquito become infected with dengue virus?
feeding on viremic human during first four to five days of illness
151
What is the extrinsic incubation period of dengue virus in mosquitoes?
eight to twelve days
152
What are rare secondary modes of dengue virus transmission?
vertical transmission blood transfusion organ transplantation needlestick injuries laboratory exposure sexual transmission
153
Is dengue virus spread directly from person to person?
no
154
What phase of dengue infection is characterized by sudden high fever lasting two to seven days?
febrile phase
155
What are common symptoms during the febrile phase of dengue?
severe headache retroorbital pain muscle and joint pains fatigue weakness nausea vomiting loss of appetite rash mild bleeding manifestations
156
Describe the rash seen in dengue febrile phase.
flushed face or generalized erythema followed by maculopapular or petechial rash around days three to five
157
What bleeding manifestations occur in dengue febrile phase?
nosebleeds gum bleeding easy bruising
158
When does the critical phase of severe dengue typically occur?
after fever subsides between days three and seven
159
What are hallmark features of the critical phase in severe dengue?
plasma leakage hemoconcentration hypotension shock dengue shock syndrome severe bleeding thrombocytopenia abdominal pain lethargy liver enlargement elevated liver enzymes possible organ impairment
160
What platelet count defines thrombocytopenia in severe dengue?
less than one hundred thousand per cubic millimeter
161
What happens during the recovery phase of dengue hemorrhagic fever?
reabsorption of leaked plasma gradual symptom improvement possible post-illness fatigue lasting weeks
162
What is the basis for diagnosing dengue fever?
clinical evaluation and laboratory testing
163
What are the purposes of dengue diagnosis?
case confirmation epidemiological surveillance differentiation from other febrile illnesses
164
What testing method is used in the acute phase of dengue?
viral detection methods
165
When is the acute phase of dengue for testing?
day zero to day five
166
What tests are used in the post-acute phase of dengue?
serological tests detecting immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies
167
What is the definitive but slow and complex virological test for dengue?
virus isolation
168
What is the gold standard test for acute phase dengue?
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
169
What does reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detect in dengue?
viral ribonucleic acid
170
What additional information does reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction provide in dengue?
identifies dengue serotype
171
What are common reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods?
TaqMan SYBR Green
172
What test detects nonstructural protein one antigen in early dengue infection?
nonstructural protein one antigen detection
173
What methods are used for nonstructural protein one antigen detection?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay rapid tests
174
When is nonstructural protein one antigen detectable in dengue?
first five days of illness
175
What is often combined with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for early dengue confirmation?
nonstructural protein one antigen detection
176
When do immunoglobulin M antibodies appear in dengue infection?
around day four to five
177
When do immunoglobulin M antibodies peak in dengue infection?
two weeks
178
How is immunoglobulin M detected in dengue?
immunoglobulin M antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
179
What does the presence of immunoglobulin M indicate in dengue?
recent infection
180
How long does immunoglobulin M persist after dengue infection?
two to three months
181
When do immunoglobulin G antibodies appear in dengue infection?
later than immunoglobulin M
182
How long does immunoglobulin G persist after dengue infection?
for life
183
What does immunoglobulin G confirm in dengue?
past exposure
184
What does a rapid rise in immunoglobulin G with low immunoglobulin M indicate in dengue?
secondary infection
185
What confirms recent dengue infection serologically?
four-fold rise in immunoglobulin G
186
What is a limitation of dengue serology?
cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses
187
What may be low or absent in secondary dengue infection?
immunoglobulin M
188
What can limitations of serology in dengue cause?
false positives missed cases
189
What test detects capillary fragility in dengue?
tourniquet test
190
What does complete blood count show in dengue?
leukopenia thrombocytopenia elevated hematocrit
191
What does elevated hematocrit suggest in dengue?
plasma leakage
192
What is the focus of dengue treatment?
supportive care
193
What are the main goals of supportive care in dengue?
maintain hydration control fever monitor for complications
194
Who can be managed as outpatient in dengue?
patients without warning signs who tolerate oral fluids
195
What is essential for outpatient dengue care?
daily monitoring education on warning signs instructions on when to seek care
196
Who requires inpatient care in dengue?
patients with warning signs or comorbidities
197
What does inpatient dengue care require?
hospital admission intravenous fluids close clinical and laboratory monitoring fluid adjustment based on response
198
Who needs intensive care in dengue?
severe dengue cases
199
What does intensive care management in dengue include?
aggressive fluid resuscitation blood transfusions organ support continuous monitoring multidisciplinary team
200
What is essential during the critical phase of dengue?
monitoring
201
What should be monitored in critical dengue?
vital signs fluid intake output hematocrit platelet count warning signs
202
What are warning signs in dengue?
severe abdominal pain persistent vomiting bleeding lethargy restlessness breathing difficulty
203
What is encouraged for hydration in dengue?
oral fluids such as oral rehydration solution
204
When should intravenous fluids be used in dengue?
unable to take orally signs of dehydration or shock
205
What are preferred intravenous fluids in dengue?
isotonic crystalloids such as normal saline Ringer's lactate
206
What intravenous fluid should be avoided in dengue?
half-normal saline
207
What is used to control fever and pain in dengue?
acetaminophen paracetamol
208
How many doses per day of acetaminophen are recommended in dengue?
four or fewer
209
What medications should be avoided in dengue due to bleeding risk?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin ibuprofen
210
What non-pharmacologic method reduces fever in dengue?
tepid sponge baths
211
When is blood transfusion indicated in dengue?
significant bleeding drop in hematocrit with unstable vitals
212
Should prophylactic platelet transfusions be used in dengue?
no
213
What is the initial management for shock in dengue?
intravenous isotonic crystalloids ten milliliters per kilogram over one hour
214
What is given if no response to crystalloid bolus in dengue shock?
colloids such as albumin
215
What is the focus of dengue prevention and control?
personal protection environmental control vaccination travel precautions
216
What is the goal of dengue prevention?
prevent mosquito bites eliminate breeding sites control transmission
217
What personal protection measures prevent mosquito bites?
protective clothing insect repellents physical barriers mosquito nets
218
What time should mosquito exposure be avoided for dengue prevention?
dawn to dusk
219
What environmental measures help control dengue vectors?
eliminate breeding sites empty clean containers cover water storage proper waste disposal use larvicides
220
What indoor mosquito control methods are used for dengue?
insecticide spraying mosquito coils vaporizers
221
When is fogging and insecticide spraying used for dengue?
during outbreaks
222
What is the purpose of fogging and insecticide spraying in dengue?
rapidly reduce adult mosquito populations
223
What is the approved dengue vaccine for ages nine to sixteen years?
Dengvaxia
224
What is the requirement for Dengvaxia administration?
prior dengue infection
225
What is the approved dengue vaccine for children aged six to sixteen in some countries?
QDenga
226
What are limitations of dengue vaccines?
not for general use complements but does not replace vector control
227
What travel precautions help prevent dengue?
check advisories pack repellents protective clothing stay in screened or air-conditioned lodging use mosquito nets
228
How long should mosquito bites be prevented after travel if infected with dengue?
at least three weeks
229
What is the vision of the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program?
dengue risk-free Philippines
230
What is the mission of the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program?
improve quality of health by integrated dengue control approach
231
What is the goal of the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program?
reduce morbidity and mortality by preventing transmission from mosquito vector to human
232
Who leads the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program?
Department of Health
233
What are the aims of the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program?
twenty five percent reduction in morbidity fifty percent reduction in mortality maintain less than one percent case fatality rate annually
234
What is the Enhanced 4S Strategy for dengue?
search and destroy breeding sites seek early consultation self protection measures say yes to fogging only during outbreaks
235
What is the "Alas Kwatro Kontra Mosquito" campaign?
daily community-based cleaning drive at four pm with key message taob taktak tuyo takip
236
What does "taob" mean in dengue prevention?
empty water containers
237
What does "taktak" mean in dengue prevention?
discard unused containers
238
What does "tuyo" mean in dengue prevention?
dry mosquito-prone areas
239
What does "takip" mean in dengue prevention?
cover water containers
240
What is the effect of the "Alas Kwatro Kontra Mosquito" campaign?
decreased cases despite seventy five percent increase nationwide
241
What roles do local government units have in dengue prevention?
surveillance vector control community mobilization
242
What school-based dengue prevention measures are led by the Department of Education?
health education cleaning mosquito habitats early detection protocols insecticide-treated screens vector control training
243
What are school measures for dengue prevention?
fumigation insecticide spray removal of stagnant water pouring kerosene in water tanks keeping toilets clean dustbins covered awareness full-sleeve clothes trousers socks no assemblies in open spaces shortened morning prayers
244
What is the age distribution of dengue cases mentioned?
age zero to ten two hundred three cases age ten to twenty nine hundred sixty one cases
245
What is the objective of the Asia Dengue Summit hosted by the Philippines?
strengthen collaboration among ASEAN nations promote research vaccine development policy-making share best practices on outbreak management
246
What new vaccine is the Department of Health exploring for dengue?
TAK003
247
What does the World Health Organization recommend for dengue vaccination?
high burden countries
248
What is the role of new dengue vaccines in prevention?
complement vector control and clinical care part of integrated strategy not a standalone solution
249
What virus causes German measles?
Rubella virus
250
To which genus does Rubella virus belong?
Rubivirus
251
To which family does Rubella virus belong?
Togaviridae
252
What type of virus is Rubella virus?
enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
253
Is Rubella virus arthropod-borne?
no
254
How many antigenic types does Rubella virus have?
one
255
Into how many clades is Rubella virus classified?
two
256
How many genotypes does Rubella virus have?
nine
257
How severe is Rubella in postnatal cases?
mild
258
What is Rubella's effect on fetuses?
severe teratogen
259
When was Rubella virus first isolated?
1962
260
Who first isolated Rubella virus?
Parkman Buescher Neva
261
What does the term "rubella" mean?
reddish
262
When was rubella recognized as separate from measles and scarlet fever?
1881
263
What are Rubella virus virologic properties?
enveloped heat ultraviolet chemical sensitive
264
How is Rubella virus transmitted?
respiratory droplets vertical transplacental
265
What infections does Rubella virus cause?
acute congenital infections
266
Where does Rubella virus enter and replicate postnatally?
respiratory mucosa lymph nodes
267
When does viremia develop in Rubella infection?
seven to nine days
268
When does rash appear in Rubella infection?
day thirteen to fifteen
269
How long does Rubella virus persist in nasopharynx?
weeks
270
What percentage of Rubella cases are subclinical?
twenty to fifty percent
271
How is congenital Rubella virus transmitted?
maternal viremia placental transmission
272
What happens to fetal cells in congenital Rubella?
infection impaired growth hypoplasia
273
When is risk highest for congenital Rubella syndrome?
first trimester approximately eighty-five percent
274
What can congenital Rubella lead to?
fetal death chronic neonatal infection
275
What is the incubation period of postnatal Rubella?
twelve to fourteen days
276
What are postnatal Rubella symptoms?
malaise low-grade fever rash
277
Where does Rubella rash appear?
face trunk limbs
278
How long does Rubella rash last?
three days or less
279
Where is lymphadenopathy found in Rubella?
postauricular occipital
280
What symptoms occur in adults with Rubella?
arthralgia arthritis
281
What are rare complications of Rubella?
encephalitis thrombocytopenic purpura
282
What is the classic triad in congenital Rubella syndrome?
cataracts cardiac defects deafness
283
What transient symptoms occur in congenital Rubella syndrome?
growth retardation hepatosplenomegaly rash jaundice
284
What developmental issues occur in congenital Rubella syndrome?
mental retardation motor issues
285
What progressive disease is rare in congenital Rubella syndrome?
rubella panencephalitis
286
When does immunoglobulin M appear in Rubella?
early wanes in six weeks
287
What type of immunity does immunoglobulin G provide in Rubella?
lifelong immunity
288
How long does maternal immunoglobulin G protect newborns?
four to six months
289
What confirms congenital Rubella infection in neonates?
neonatal immunoglobulin M
290
What immune impairment may congenital Rubella syndrome children have?
impaired rubella-specific cell-mediated immunity
291
What tests diagnose Rubella?
serologic immunoglobulin M reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction complete blood count
292
What blood count abnormalities occur in Rubella?
mild leukopenia atypical lymphocytes
293
What is the treatment for Rubella?
supportive care rest fluids fever management
294
What prevention method is used against Rubella?
measles mumps rubella vaccination
295
What campaigns promote Rubella vaccination?
catch-up immunization for children women of reproductive age
296
What isolation is recommended in Rubella?
isolation of confirmed cases especially pregnant women
297
Name health programs related to Rubella control.
Expanded Program on Immunization National Immunization Program Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance School-Based Immunization Program
