G9 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What autoimmune disease causes demyelination in the central nervous system?
A
multiple sclerosis
2
Q
What is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system?
A
multiple sclerosis
3
Q
Which immune cells mediate inflammation in multiple sclerosis?
A
T cells B cells macrophages
4
Q
What protein helps immune cells penetrate the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis?
A
matrix metalloproteinases
5
Q
What protein is involved in inflammation and disease progression in multiple sclerosis?
A
osteopontin
6
Q
What is the genetic risk of multiple sclerosis if a parent has the disease?
A
1.5 percent
7
Q
What is the genetic risk of multiple sclerosis if a sibling has the disease?
A
2.7 percent
8
Q
What is the common first symptom of multiple sclerosis involving vision?
A
optic neuritis
9
Q
What symptoms characterize optic neuritis?
A
unilateral visual loss pain with eye movement blurred vision
10
Q
What visual disorder in multiple sclerosis causes double vision?
A
diplopia
11
Q
What involuntary eye movement disorder occurs in multiple sclerosis?
A
nystagmus
12
Q
What visual disturbance causes a sensation of the world swaying?
A
oscillopsia
13
Q
What imaging modality shows hyperintense lesions in multiple sclerosis?
A
magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted FLAIR sequences
14
Q
Where are typical lesion locations in multiple sclerosis?
A
periventricular region corpus callosum cervical spinal cord
15
Q
What cerebrospinal fluid finding supports multiple sclerosis diagnosis?
A
oligoclonal bands elevated immunoglobulin G index
16
Q
What neurological signs are common in multiple sclerosis?
A
hyperreflexia decreased vibratory sense decreased pinprick sensation ataxic gait
17
Q
What symptom is described as an electric shock sensation down the spine in multiple sclerosis?
A
Lhermitte sign
18
Q
What treatment is used for optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis?
A
intravenous corticosteroids
19
Q
Which medications may reduce disease activity in multiple sclerosis?
A
disease-modifying therapies
20
Q
What medications help reduce nystagmus in multiple sclerosis?
A
gabapentin memantine
21
Q
What surgical or injection treatments may help severe nystagmus?
A
surgery botulinum toxin injections
22
Q
Can multiple sclerosis cause blindness?
A
yes partial or full in severe cases
23
Q
Which common early symptom of multiple sclerosis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve usually affecting one eye?
A
optic neuritis
24
Q
Which symptom leads to blurred or double vision and sharp pain worsened by eye movement in multiple sclerosis?
A
optic neuritis
25
What type of pain worsens with eye movement due to inflamed optic nerve sheath moving with the globe?
pain in optic neuritis
26
Which types of pain can be experienced in optic neuritis?
acute paroxysmal chronic
27
What causes widespread fatigue in multiple sclerosis related to conduction block and systemic cytokine load?
primary and secondary fatigue
28
Which fatigue type in multiple sclerosis results from nerve damage requiring extra energy to reroute signals?
primary fatigue
29
Which fatigue type in multiple sclerosis is caused by symptoms like pain or poor sleep?
secondary fatigue
30
Which symptom in multiple sclerosis is caused by sensory-tract demyelination in the brain or spinal cord?
tingling in limbs
31
Which sign causes sudden electric shock-like pain down the spine triggered by neck flexion in multiple sclerosis?
Lhermitte’s sign
32
Which neurological signs in multiple sclerosis are due to cerebellar or corticospinal tract plaques?
ataxic gait hyperreflexia
33
What characteristic disease pattern in multiple sclerosis involves episodic worsening with partial recovery?
relapsing-remitting course
34
Which imaging technique identifies disseminated lesions or plaques in the brain and spinal cord in multiple sclerosis?
magnetic resonance imaging
35
What cerebrospinal fluid finding supports a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis by showing distinct immunoglobulin G bands?
oligoclonal bands
36
Which treatment reduces central nervous system inflammation during acute multiple sclerosis attacks?
glucocorticoids like methylprednisolone
37
Which monoclonal antibody targets CD20 on B cells to reduce relapse frequency in multiple sclerosis?
ocrelizumab
38
Which drug blocks lymphocyte adhesion molecules preventing their migration across the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis?
natalizumab
39
Which cytokine modulator reduces major histocompatibility complex class II expression and induces B cell apoptosis in multiple sclerosis?
interferon-beta
40
Which therapies are used to manage symptoms like spasticity and fatigue in multiple sclerosis?
physical therapy occupational therapy symptom management
41
Which lifestyle modification involving vitamin supplementation may lower multiple sclerosis risk?
vitamin D optimization
42
Which habit increases multiple sclerosis risk and hastens disease progression?
smoking
43
Which stress management techniques can protect against multiple sclerosis onset?
mindfulness meditation counseling
44
Which dietary component found in flaxseed oil may be linked to reduced multiple sclerosis risk?
omega-3 fatty acids
45
Which organization in the Philippines trains neurologists and promotes awareness for multiple sclerosis?
Philippine Neurological Association
46
Which international groups provide education advocacy and support for people living with multiple sclerosis?
National Multiple Sclerosis Society Multiple Sclerosis International Federation Multiple Sclerosis Foundation
47
Which autoimmune disorder primarily targets exocrine glands causing dry eyes and dry mouth?
Sjögren’s syndrome
48
What are the two most common symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome?
dry eyes dry mouth
49
Which glands are commonly swollen in Sjögren’s syndrome?
parotid glands
50
What test measures tear production and is reduced in Sjögren’s syndrome?
Schirmer’s test
51
Which autoantibodies are highly specific markers for Sjögren’s syndrome?
anti-Ro/SSA anti-La/SSB antibodies
52
What biopsy finding confirms Sjögren’s syndrome diagnosis?
focal lymphocytic sialadenitis focus score greater than 1
53
Which antibody is often mildly elevated in Sjögren’s syndrome?
rheumatoid factor
54
What systemic symptoms can accompany Sjögren’s syndrome?
fatigue joint pain numbness in fingers
55
Which complement component is mildly reduced in Sjögren’s syndrome indicating systemic involvement?
complement C4
56
What positive blood test may indicate extraglandular complications in Sjögren’s syndrome?
cryoglobulins
57
What immune cells infiltrate glands causing inflammation in Sjögren’s syndrome?
CD4+ T cells B cells
58
What is the increased cancer risk associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?
44-fold increased incidence of lymphoma
59
What is the mode of transmission of Sjögren’s syndrome?
autoimmune non-contagious genetic susceptibility environmental triggers
60
Which oral symptom causes difficulty swallowing dry food in Sjögren’s syndrome?
xerostomia dry mouth
61
What eye condition causes gritty burning sensation worsening in evenings in Sjögren’s syndrome?
keratoconjunctivitis sicca dry eyes
62
What dental problem results from decreased saliva in Sjögren’s syndrome?
recurrent dental cavities caries
63
Which skin symptom is associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?
dry erythematous oral mucosa dry skin
64
What treatments relieve dry eyes in Sjögren’s syndrome?
artificial tears ocular lubricants
65
What treatments relieve dry mouth in Sjögren’s syndrome?
saliva substitutes sugar-free chewing gum muscarinic agonists
66
Which medications treat joint pain and fatigue in Sjögren’s syndrome?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs hydroxychloroquine
67
Which immunosuppressants are used for severe systemic manifestations in Sjögren’s syndrome?
corticosteroids methotrexate azathioprine rituximab
68
What lifestyle modification helps manage Sjögren’s syndrome fatigue?
regular moderate exercise
69
What oral care practices are important in Sjögren’s syndrome?
good oral hygiene frequent dental checkups fluoride treatments
70
What programs provide patient education and multidisciplinary care for Sjögren’s syndrome?
Sjögren’s Foundation Massachusetts General Hospital Sjögren’s Program UCLA Health Sjögren’s Program
71
Which autoimmune disease presents with fatigue joint pain low-grade fever hair thinning photosensitive facial rash and mouth ulcers?
systemic lupus erythematosus
72
Which rash appears across the cheeks and nose after minimal sun exposure in systemic lupus erythematosus?
malar rash
73
What laboratory test is strongly positive with a homogeneous pattern in systemic lupus erythematosus?
antinuclear antibody
74
Which antibodies are elevated and highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus?
anti-double stranded DNA anti-Smith antibodies
75
What complement levels are decreased indicating active systemic lupus erythematosus?
complement C3 C4
76
What urinary findings suggest lupus nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus?
microscopic hematuria proteinuria over 1 gram per day
77
What hematologic abnormalities are common in systemic lupus erythematosus?
anemia leukopenia thrombocytopenia
78
What is the primary cause of tissue damage in systemic lupus erythematosus?
immune complex deposition activating complement system
79
Which immune cells lose tolerance leading to autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus?
B cells T cells
80
What is the role of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus?
bind self-antigens form immune complexes correlate with disease activity
81
What are common clinical domains assessed in systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria?
constitutional hematologic neuropsychiatric mucocutaneous serosal musculoskeletal renal
82
What is the required entry criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus classification?
positive antinuclear antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:80
83
What score threshold classifies a patient as having systemic lupus erythematosus according to EULAR/ACR criteria?
ten or more points with at least one clinical criterion
84
What general therapy is recommended for all systemic lupus erythematosus patients?
hydroxychloroquine
85
Which medications are used for joint and muscle pain in mild systemic lupus erythematosus?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
86
What treatments are used for severe organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus?
systemic glucocorticoids immunosuppressants azathioprine mycophenolate cyclophosphamide
87
Which biologic agents are used for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus?
belimumab rituximab
88
What laboratory tests are regularly monitored to track systemic lupus erythematosus activity?
complete blood count creatinine urinalysis complement levels anti-double stranded DNA titers
89
What procedure is used to characterize lupus nephritis severity?
renal biopsy
90
Which symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus indicate cardiac involvement?
pericardial friction rub chest discomfort
91
Which symptoms indicate renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus?
proteinuria hematuria edema
92
Which symptoms indicate hematologic involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus?
anemia leukopenia thrombocytopenia
93
Which symptoms indicate mucocutaneous involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus?
malar rash photosensitivity oral ulcers hair thinning
94
Which environmental factor can trigger systemic lupus erythematosus flares?
ultraviolet light
95
Which genetic factors are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility?
HLA-DR2 HLA-DR3
96
What are key components of comprehensive systemic lupus erythematosus management?
clinical monitoring laboratory follow-up renal cardiovascular surveillance comorbidity management patient education psychological support pregnancy considerations
97
Which lifestyle measure reduces lupus flare-ups by protecting against ultraviolet light?
sun protection high-SPF sunscreen protective clothing
98
Which medications should be avoided as they may induce lupus symptoms?
melatonin certain antibiotics like Bactrim Septra
99
Which foods and supplements may worsen lupus symptoms by stimulating the immune system?
garlic alfalfa sprouts echinacea
100
What toxins should be minimized to reduce lupus risk and flare-ups?
cigarette smoke alcohol chemical exposures
101
Which foundation provides patient education support and funds lupus research?
Hope for Lupus Foundation
102
Which hospital offers specialized systemic lupus erythematosus care including diagnosis and management?
Philippine General Hospital Rheumatology Department
103
What legislative act promotes awareness and health programs for systemic lupus erythematosus in the Philippines?
Comprehensive Lupus Prevention Act
104
What immunosuppressive agents are recommended for lupus nephritis treatment?
glucocorticoids mycophenolate mofetil cyclophosphamide belimumab calcineurin inhibitors
105
What is the preferred initial therapy for active Class III or IV lupus nephritis?
glucocorticoids plus mycophenolic acid analogs or low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide or belimumab combinations
106
What is the maintenance therapy dose range for mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis?
750 to 1000 milligrams twice daily
107
How long should immunosuppressive therapy be continued in proliferative lupus nephritis?
at least 36 months
108
What is the goal of lupus nephritis treatment?
preserve kidney function reduce morbidity mortality minimize medication toxicity
109
What laboratory tests monitor lupus nephritis disease activity?
proteinuria quantification complement levels anti-double stranded DNA titers
110
What adjunctive therapies reduce complications in lupus nephritis?
calcium vitamin D bisphosphonates infection screening prophylaxis blood pressure control renoprotective medications
111
What renal replacement therapies are options for lupus nephritis with kidney failure?
hemodialysis peritoneal dialysis kidney transplantation
