G8 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What is the hallmark morning symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
A
morning stiffness lasting over one hour
2
Q
Which joints are commonly affected first in rheumatoid arthritis?
A
small joints of hands and wrists
3
Q
What is the typical pattern of joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis?
A
symmetrical joint involvement
4
Q
What deformities are visible in advanced rheumatoid arthritis?
A
ulnar deviation boutonnière deformities
5
Q
What systemic symptoms accompany rheumatoid arthritis?
A
fatigue unintended weight loss intermittent low-grade fevers
6
Q
What inflammatory markers are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis?
A
erythrocyte sedimentation rate C-reactive protein
7
Q
Which autoantibodies are positive in rheumatoid arthritis?
A
rheumatoid factor anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
8
Q
What is rheumatoid factor?
A
autoantibody targeting Fc region of immunoglobulin G
9
Q
What is the significance of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies?
A
highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis early disease marker
10
Q
What is the pathophysiology stage involving synovitis initiation?
A
primary causative factor triggers inflammation
11
Q
What immune events perpetuate rheumatoid arthritis inflammation?
A
immunologic events sustaining synovitis
12
Q
What occurs during transition to destructive tissue process in rheumatoid arthritis?
A
synovium proliferation and joint damage
13
Q
Is rheumatoid arthritis transmissible between individuals?
A
no autoimmune disease
14
Q
What genetic factor is associated with rheumatoid arthritis risk?
A
human leukocyte antigen DR4 haplotype
15
Q
What joint symptoms characterize rheumatoid arthritis?
A
painful tender warm swollen joints stiffness
16
Q
What systemic manifestations occur in rheumatoid arthritis?
A
fatigue low-grade fever loss of appetite weight loss dry eyes dry mouth
17
Q
What extra-articular organs can rheumatoid arthritis affect?
A
lungs blood vessels heart causing inflammation anemia
18
Q
What principle does erythrocyte sedimentation rate test rely on?
A
red blood cell settling rate increases with inflammation
19
Q
What does elevated C-reactive protein indicate?
A
acute phase inflammation
20
Q
How is rheumatoid factor detected?
A
nephelometry enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
21
Q
What percentage of rheumatoid arthritis patients have positive rheumatoid factor?
A
seventy to eighty percent
22
Q
What test has over ninety-five percent specificity for rheumatoid arthritis?
A
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody test
23
Q
What are first-line disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs?
A
methotrexate leflunomide sulfasalazine hydroxychloroquine
24
Q
Name biologic agents used in rheumatoid arthritis.
A
tumor necrosis factor inhibitors interleukin-6 inhibitors B-cell inhibitors T-cell co-stimulation blockers
25
What are Janus kinase inhibitors used in rheumatoid arthritis?
tofacitinib baricitinib
26
Which drugs relieve symptoms but do not modify disease?
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs corticosteroids
27
What non-pharmacologic treatments benefit rheumatoid arthritis patients?
physical occupational therapy joint protection education
28
What lifestyle changes improve rheumatoid arthritis outcomes?
regular low-impact exercise anti-inflammatory diet adequate rest stress management smoking cessation
29
What surgical options exist for severe rheumatoid arthritis?
synovectomy joint replacement tendon repair joint fusion
30
What tools monitor rheumatoid arthritis disease activity?
Disease Activity Score twenty-eight Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Disease Activity Index
31
What is one of the most effective preventive measures for rheumatoid arthritis?
avoid smoking
32
What type of diet helps reduce inflammation and supports joint health in rheumatoid arthritis?
balanced diet rich in fruits vegetables whole grains omega-3 fatty acids
33
What physical activity helps maintain joint flexibility and reduce inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?
regular exercise
34
What hygiene practice is linked to increased rheumatoid arthritis risk?
good dental hygiene
35
What environmental exposures should be limited to decrease rheumatoid arthritis risk?
occupational dust silica environmental pollutants
36
What substances should be moderated to avoid worsening rheumatoid arthritis symptoms?
alcohol caffeine
37
What factor can increase inflammation and worsen rheumatoid arthritis?
chronic stress
38
What vitamin supports bone health and may reduce autoimmune risk in rheumatoid arthritis?
vitamin D
39
What is essential for halting inflammation and preventing joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis?
early diagnosis and treatment
40
What therapies help maintain joint function and teach joint protection in rheumatoid arthritis?
physical and occupational therapy
41
What is crucial for long-term control of rheumatoid arthritis?
patient education
42
What global plan aims to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases including rheumatoid arthritis?
World Health Organization Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases
43
What initiative strengthens rehabilitation services globally for rheumatoid arthritis patients?
World Health Organization Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative
44
What association improves quality of life for people with rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis in the Philippines?
Philippine Rheumatology Association
45
What program educates the public and builds capacity for early recognition of rheumatoid arthritis?
Philippine Rheumatology Association public education and capacity building
46
What Philippine government program reduces the burden of noncommunicable diseases including rheumatoid arthritis?
Department of Health Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control Program
47
What lifestyle modification reduces the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis and improves symptoms?
smoking cessation
48
What type of exercise is recommended for rheumatoid arthritis patients?
low-impact exercise like swimming walking yoga
49
What dietary pattern is advised for rheumatoid arthritis?
anti-inflammatory diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids
50
What stress management techniques benefit rheumatoid arthritis patients?
meditation deep breathing mindfulness
51
How many hours of quality sleep are recommended for rheumatoid arthritis patients?
seven to nine hours
52
What should be avoided due to risk of worsening rheumatoid arthritis?
smoking excessive alcohol consumption
53
What autoimmune disease primarily affects the thyroid gland causing hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
54
What antibody causes Graves disease by stimulating the thyroid gland?
thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
55
What receptor does thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin bind to?
thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor
56
What is the typical thyroid gland finding in Graves disease?
diffuse non-tender goiter
57
What eye condition is commonly associated with Graves disease?
Graves ophthalmopathy
58
What skin condition is associated with Graves disease?
Graves dermopathy or pretibial myxedema
59
What is the gender prevalence of Graves disease?
more common in women
60
What are common systemic symptoms of Graves disease?
weight loss despite increased appetite palpitations nervousness irritability heat intolerance sweating fatigue insomnia diarrhea menstrual irregularities
61
What are common eye symptoms in Graves ophthalmopathy?
exophthalmos dry eyes puffy eyelids eyelid retraction light sensitivity eye pain blurred or double vision
62
What skin changes occur in Graves dermopathy?
thickened reddish rough non-pitting edema
63
What is thyroid acropachy?
clubbing of fingers and toes associated with Graves disease
64
What lab test shows suppressed levels in Graves disease?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
65
What lab tests show elevated levels in Graves disease?
free thyroxine total triiodothyronine
66
What test confirms autoimmune stimulation in Graves disease?
thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin test
67
What radioactive iodine uptake pattern is seen in Graves disease?
diffuse homogeneous increased uptake
68
What is the principle of the thyroid-stimulating hormone test?
measures pituitary hormone regulating thyroid function via negative feedback
69
What is the significance of low thyroid-stimulating hormone in Graves disease?
indicates hyperthyroidism due to negative feedback
70
What is the principle of free thyroxine and total triiodothyronine tests?
quantitative measurement of circulating thyroid hormones
71
What is the principle of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin test?
detects autoantibodies mimicking thyroid-stimulating hormone
72
What is the purpose of radioactive iodine uptake scan in Graves disease?
differentiates causes of hyperthyroidism by measuring thyroid iodine uptake
73
What physical signs are common in Graves disease?
enlarged thyroid warm moist skin fine tremors tachycardia elevated blood pressure brisk reflexes
74
What neurological symptoms may Graves disease cause?
irritability anxiety difficulty sleeping tremors
75
What cardiovascular symptoms are associated with Graves disease?
palpitations rapid or irregular heartbeat chest pain
76
What gastrointestinal symptoms occur in Graves disease?
increased appetite frequent bowel movements diarrhea
77
What reproductive symptoms are associated with Graves disease?
menstrual irregularities gynecomastia in men
78
What is the cause of Graves disease?
autoimmune production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins leading to excessive thyroid hormone production
79
What is the first-line antithyroid medication for Graves disease?
methimazole
80
Which antithyroid drug is preferred during the first trimester of pregnancy?
propylthiouracil
81
Name beta-blockers used to control adrenergic symptoms in Graves disease.
propranolol atenolol metoprolol nadolol
82
What therapy ablates thyroid tissue in Graves disease?
radioactive iodine therapy
83
What surgical option is used for large goiters or contraindications to other treatments?
thyroidectomy
84
How are mild eye symptoms of Graves ophthalmopathy managed?
artificial tears head elevation smoking cessation
85
What medications reduce inflammation in moderate to severe Graves ophthalmopathy?
glucocorticoids oral intravenous steroids
86
Name treatments for resistant or vision-threatening Graves ophthalmopathy.
orbital decompression surgery radiotherapy
87
What lifestyle modification reduces risk and severity of Graves disease eye complications?
smoking cessation
88
What dietary advice supports managing inflammation in Graves disease?
fresh whole foods rich in antioxidants adequate selenium and iron intake
89
What is the purpose of beta-blockers in Graves disease treatment?
control palpitations tremors adrenergic symptoms
90
How long is methimazole treatment typically continued before assessing remission?
12 to 18 months
91
What happens if Graves disease persists after antithyroid drug treatment?
radioactive iodine or surgery recommended
92
What is a risk of radioactive iodine therapy?
worsening thyroid eye disease possible secondary cancers
93
What is a major risk of thyroidectomy?
damage to parathyroid glands
94
What monoclonal antibody treats Graves ophthalmopathy?
teprotumumab
95
What is the role of corticosteroids in Graves ophthalmopathy?
reduce orbital inflammation
96
What global program aims to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders?
World Health Organization Global Iodine Deficiency Disorders Elimination Program
97
What program promotes integrated care for autoimmune thyroid diseases?
World Health Organization Integrated People-Centred Health Services
98
What Philippine program educates and screens for thyroid disorders?
Department of Health Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control Program
99
What is the significance of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin test in Graves disease?
confirms autoimmune stimulation of thyroid gland
100
What radioactive iodine uptake pattern is typical in Graves disease?
diffuse homogeneous increased uptake
101
What autoimmune disease causes destruction of thyroid follicular cells?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
102
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
103
Which gender is more commonly affected by Hashimoto thyroiditis?
women
104
What antibodies are commonly elevated in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
105
What type of immune cells infiltrate the thyroid in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells CD4+ helper T cells
106
What is the role of regulatory T cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
downregulated leading to loss of immune tolerance
107
What is the typical thyroid gland appearance on ultrasound in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
heterogeneous echotexture hypoechoic micronodules
108
What are common hypothyroid symptoms in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
fatigue cold intolerance constipation weight gain dry skin hair thinning brittle nails delayed reflexes puffed face goiter
109
What transient hyperthyroid symptoms may occur in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
palpitations low thyroid-stimulating hormone elevated triiodothyronine
110
What is the typical thyroid-stimulating hormone level in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
elevated
111
What is the typical free thyroxine level in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
low
112
What is the principle of thyroid-stimulating hormone test?
measures pituitary hormone regulating thyroid function via negative feedback
113
What is the treatment cornerstone for Hashimoto thyroiditis?
levothyroxine thyroid hormone replacement
114
What is the usual initial levothyroxine dose?
1.6 micrograms per kilogram per day
115
What lifestyle modifications support thyroid health in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
balanced diet selenium vitamin D iodine moderation stress management regular exercise adequate sleep avoid smoking limit environmental toxins
116
What dietary supplements may help in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
selenium zinc vitamin D magnesium B vitamins
117
What dietary intake should be avoided or moderated in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
excessive iodine
118
How should levothyroxine be taken for optimal absorption?
on empty stomach 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast or 3 to 4 hours after meals
119
What medications or foods interfere with levothyroxine absorption?
calcium iron soy high-fiber foods
120
What monitoring is essential after starting levothyroxine?
thyroid-stimulating hormone free thyroxine every 6 to 8 weeks then every 6 to 12 months
121
What are signs of levothyroxine over-replacement?
palpitations insomnia weight loss bone loss
122
What other autoimmune conditions should be monitored in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients?
type 1 diabetes celiac disease pernicious anemia rheumatoid arthritis
123
What is the objective of the WHO Global Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Initiative?
achieve optimal iodine nutrition worldwide reduce thyroid-related diseases
124
What strategy promotes proper iodine levels to avoid deficiency and excess?
universal salt iodization
125
What does the WHO Integrated People-Centred Health Services encourage for autoimmune disorders?
regular follow-up lab monitoring treatment access coordination between healthcare levels
126
What essential medicine is prioritized for thyroid disease management by WHO?
levothyroxine
127
What is the objective of the Philippine Department of Health Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Program?
reduce burden of endocrine-related noncommunicable diseases including autoimmune thyroid conditions
128
Who are trained to detect hypothyroidism symptoms in the Philippines?
Barangay Health Workers primary physicians
129
What medication availability is supported in Philippine government pharmacies for thyroid conditions?
levothyroxine
130
What organization raises awareness and improves diagnosis of thyroid diseases in the Philippines?
Philippine Thyroid Association
131
What educational activities does the Philippine Thyroid Association conduct?
medical symposia public lectures
132
What does the Philippine Thyroid Association develop for thyroid disease management?
clinical practice guidelines
133
What role does the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders play?
scientific support initiation monitoring of global iodine deficiency prevention programs
134
What is the main vehicle for iodine supplementation globally?
iodized salt
135
What is the most useful indicator of iodine nutrition at the population level?
median urinary iodine concentration
136
What imaging method assesses thyroid size in iodine deficiency monitoring?
thyroid ultrasound
137
What milestone did the 1990 World Summit for Children set regarding iodine deficiency?
virtual elimination of iodine deficiency disorders
138
What global organizations support iodine deficiency elimination programs?
World Health Organization United Nations Children's Fund World Bank
139
What is the purpose of the WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative?
strengthen rehabilitation services including for autoimmune thyroid diseases
140
What is the goal of the WHO Global Action Plan for Noncommunicable Diseases?
reduce preventable burden of chronic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disorders
