Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho/Pharm 1 Final Exam > Gallbladder, Pancreas, Liver > Flashcards

Gallbladder, Pancreas, Liver Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

A

Emulsification of fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two main pancreatic functions?

A

Exocrine: acinar cells-digestive enzymes

Endocrine: Islets: insulin+glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the risk factors for gallbladder disease?

A

Female
Multiparity
>40 years old
Estrogen therapy
Sedentary
Family history
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Gale at the most risk for?
Gale, Female, 45, on estrogen therapy, office job, 170lb, mother had gallstones

A

Gallbladder disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the cause of cholelithiasis?

A

Bile secreted by liver becomes supersaturated w/ cholesterol, imbalancing cholesterol, bile salts, and calcium

-precipitation forms stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain cholecystitis
-2 causes?

A

Inflammation of gallbladder
#1 cause: gallstones
Acalculus=no stones, caused by sludge buildup in gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can sudden weight loss/fasting affect the gallbladder?

A

Acalculus cholecystitis
-not caused by stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does cholecystitis pain present?

A

No pain-suddenly severe

increases when stones are moving/obstructing something

RUQ pain may refer to right shoulder/scapula

3-6 hrs after high-fat meal or when lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain lab findings with cholecystitis

A

Increased WBC, bilirubin. liver enzymes, serum amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What form of imaging allows cholecystitis diagnosis?

A

Ultrasound
ERCP- can also remove
HIDA: radioactive isotope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What meds are given for cholecystitis

A

ABX for possible infection
Opioids
Anticholinergics
-decrease GI secretions/smooth muscle spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain pancreatitis

A

Acute pancreas inflammation from the spillage of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissues
-autodigestion of pancreas
-severe pain

Mild edema to severe necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are two main causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

Gallbladder disease: women
Chronic alcohol use: men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of pancreatitis: mild and severe

A

Activated pancreatic enzymes cause autodigestion and injury to pancreatic cells

Mild: edematous or interstitial

Severe: necrotizing, death possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary manifestation of acute pancreatitis?

A

PAIN!
-Abdominal
-tenderness, muscle guarding
-worse w/ eating
-not relieved by vomiting
-LUQ or mid-epigastric, may radiate to back
-sudden onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What electrolyte imbalance can pancreatitis cause?

what two Signs are seen in the abdomen?

A

Hypocalcemia: laryngeal stridor, tetany

Cullen’s Sign: blue grey around umbilicus

Turner’s Sign: ecchymosis on flank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain 3 pancreatitis lab findings

A

Elevated lipase, amylase
Lowered: calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is pancreatitis usually imaged?

A

CT w/ contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What must be given w/ meals/snacks to a patient w/ pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain Pseudocyts

A

Acute Pancreatitis Complication
-encapsulated fluid surrounds pancreas
-pain, mass, N/V, anorexia
-resolves spontaneously or may perforate and cause peritonitis
-DRAIN!
-Infected: Abcess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What kind of systemic effects can pancreatitis cause?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hypocalcemia
Respiratory distress
Hypotension

22
Q

Why can diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis be challenging?

Study These Flashcards
A

If pancreas is injured enough, it may stop producing the enzymes that would be elevated to help diagnose it

23
Q

What is the transmission mode for Hep A and E?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fecal-oral
-contaminated food/water

24
Q

Which Hep infections have vaccines?

Study These Flashcards
A

A, B

B vaccine prevents Hep D

25
What are the most common causes of Hepatitis?
#1: viral #2: alcohol #3: Hepatoxic meds (acetaminophen)
26
How are Hep BDC transmitted?
Blood and body fluids
27
Which Hepatitis ranges from mild flu symptoms to acute liver failure, and does not become chronic?
Hep A -has vaccine
28
Which Hepatitis is rare in the US, rarely chronic, and lacks a vaccine?
Hep E
29
Which Hepatitis is blood-borne, acute/chronic, has a vaccine, and has the following risk factors: Healthcare workers MSM Hemodialysis IV drug use
Hep B
30
Which Hepatitis is acute/chronic, lacks a vaccine, is blood-borne, and can have a 15-20 year period between transmission and liver damage?
Hep C
31
How is Hep C treated?
No vaccine -antiviral drugs can cure it
32
Which hepatitis is the most common cause of liver failure/transplant in the US?
Hep C
33
Which Hepatitis is blood-borne, rare in US, and only occurs if the person has had Hep B?
Hep D
34
Which lab value will be decreased when testing for Hepatitis?
Albumin
35
How is Hepatitis confirmed?
Biopsy
36
Explain the pathophysiology of hepatitis?
Hepatocytes destroyed in large amounts Decreased liver functioning leads to ammonia buildup and brain effects
37
Which hepatitis causes the most complications?
Hep C
38
Explain the manifestations during the acute phase of Hepatitis
Up to 6 months Many are asymptomatic Fatigue, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, RUQ tenderness Flu-like, generalized pain, maybe jaundice
39
Explain the patho/manifestations of jaundice
Impaired bilirubin metabolism and/or bile flow disruption Dark urine, yellow skin/sclera Clay-colored stool Pruritis
40
Explain the convalescent phase of hepatitis
Begins when jaundice begins to disappear 2-4 months Hepatomegaly persists, splenomegaly resolves Malaise, easily fatigued
41
What are 3 evidences that hepatitis treatment has been effective?
Decreased viral load Decreased enzyme levels Increased metabolism
42
Explain cirrhosis -patho -complications? -possible causes?
Hepatocytes replaced by nonfunctional scar tissue (fibrosis) Obstructs blood flow to liver -portal hypertension -esophageal varices Hep C, Alcohol, Steatohepatitis
43
What is steatohepatitis?
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -fat infiltrates hepatocytes -possible cause of cirrhosis
44
How is a cirrhosis diagnosis confirmed?
Biopsy
45
What are 3 manifestations of cirrhosis?
Red palms Asterixis- flappy hands Fetor hepaticus- sweet/musty breath
46
List 3 complications of cirrhosis
Ascites Esophageal varices Hepatic encephalopathy
47
Explain esophageal varices
swollen, fragile blood vessels in esophagus from portal hypertension Melena, hematemesis, hypovolemic shock symptoms -low BP, high HR hemorrhage can be life-threatening
48
Explain ascites
Third spacing of fluid into abdomen -from portal hypertension -decreased albumin from liver -may cause respiratory distress -give diuretics
49
Explain hepatic encephalopathy
Liver cannot convert ammonia to urea -leads to cerebral edema personality changes, lethargy, sleep problems, slow speech, coma Give lactulose (hyperosmotic to remove ammonia)
50
Explain hepatorenal syndrome
Nonrenal cause of renal impairment From portal hypertension and renal vasoconstriction Treatment: liver transplant

Patho/Pharm 1 Final Exam (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions