Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

primera etapa > gastro > Flashcards

gastro Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

crackling with every heartbeat. Nombre del signo y que significant?

A

Hamman sign
indicating mediastinal emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Couvosier sign que es y que indica?

A

painless obstructive jaundice+palpable, nontender gallbladder

Indica:
obstructive pancreatic, periampullary, or biliary malignancy until proven otherwise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Baby >2 weeks of age+jaundice+ direct hiperbilirrubinemia +hepatomegalia

que diagnostico y como se diagnostica y tx?

A

Biliary atresia

Intraoperative cholangiography

tx: Kasai procedure, which attaches the distal duodenum to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Murphy sign + dx?

A

colecistitis aguda

factores de riesgo: female, fat, forty, fertile (multipara)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

masa debajo de linea dentada de canal anal? dx y tx?

A

carcinoma celulas escamosas

tx: radioquimioterapia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pruritus + bile acids increased
dx and tx?

A

colestasis of pregnancy

elevated bile acid (the most sensitive and specific measure of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy)

tx: ursodeoxycholic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in an insulin-dependent patient with diabetes with anorexia, nausea/vomiting, early satiety, and post-prandial hypoglycemia without heartburn or epigastric pain?

A

Diabetic gastroparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pneumatosis intestinalis
dx?

A

necrotizing enterocolitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chrons disease histology+colonoscopia?

q tipo de diarrea

A

Histologia
-transmural inflammation
-non caseating granuloma

Colonoscopia:
skips lesions > cobblestone mucosa + creeping fat

Watery diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ulcerative colitis histologia? que tipo de diarrea?

A

inflammation only in mucosa
crypt abscess

bloody diarrea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

saccular or fusiform dilations of the biliary tree or as dilated masses that communicate with the biliary tree +palpable right upper quadrant mass

dx? poblacion a la q se asocia?

A

biliary cyst

associated to asian descent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

watery diarrhea+hipokalemia+acloridia dx?

A

VIPoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

I GET SMASHED

Idipathic
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Scorpion sting
Mumps (paperas)
Autoimmune
Steroids
Hipertrigliceridemia / hipercalcemia
ERPC (Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica)
Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

acute mesenteric ischemia

A

pain out of proportion to physical findings
risk factores for thromboembolism (atrial fibrillation..)
Elevated LDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name most common complication of chronic untreated reflux esophagitis?

name most severe complication of chronic reflux esophagitis?

A

most COMMON: esophageal stricture

most severe: adenocarcinoma of esofago (<1% lo desarrolla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

esofagitis eosinofilica

sintomas y findings en endoscopia?

A

Sintomas:
- disfagia para solidos
-food impactation
-persona atopica

endoscopia:
Circumferential mucosal lesions+ Longitudinal furrows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection of genotypes 1, 4, 5, 6?

A

Sofosbuvir + Ledipasvir (genotipos 1, 4, 5, 6)
Sofosbuvir + velpatasvir (all 6 genotypes)
Glecaprevir + pibrentasvir (all 6 genotypes)

soto lina, soto valeria, gleca pribre

Acute and chronic HCV are treated with the same antiviral regimens.

Administer hepatitis A and B vaccines (prevent further liver damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lesiones lineares en colonoscopia + inclusiones en biopsia
hiv+
dx?

A

citomegalovirus colitis

tx: foscarnet, ganciclovir, and cidofovir.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PAS-positive foamy macrophages. Dx? Tx?

A

Whipples disease

tx: Ceftriaxona IV 2 semanas + TMP SMX 1 año VO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

floating, fatty, foul-smelling steatorrhea. Parasito? tx?

A

giardia lambia
tx: tinidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

White plaques on oral mucosa that CAN scraped off. dx?

A

candidiasis
may bleed when scraped off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

White plaques on oral mucosa that CANT scraped off.

A

leukoplakia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nombra las hiperbilirrubinemias hereditarias que presentan elevaciones en indirect bilirrubin

A

Gilbert sd:
^indirect bilirrubin <3mg. transient neonatal jaudince
worse during fasting/stress
AST, ALT, and GGT values are normal.

Crigler-Najjar sd:
tipo 1: persistent neonaal jaudice ^ indirectament bilirrubin (20-50)

tipo 2: ^indirecr bilirrubina <20
tx fenobarbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

nombra las hiperbilirrubinemias hereditarias que presentan elevaciones en direct bilirrubin

A

Dubin Johnson: worse during contraception/pregnancy

Rotor sd
increased urinary coproporphyrin and normal liver histology on biopsy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
serologia en celiac disease?
IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody
26
^ α-fetoprotein + oligohydramnios + embarazada
gastrosquisis fetal ultrasound will show free-floating bowel without a membranous sac
27
^α-fetoprotein + abdominal mass
hepatocellular carcinoma
28
occur due to failure of >lateral< fold closure of the anterior abdominal wall en bb
gastronquisis (protrusion of the abdominal contents NOT covered with peritoneum). no cromosomal association onfalocele (protrusion of the abdominal contents covered with peritoneum). commonly associated with other congenital diseases, including trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome,
29
gastritis + enlargement of the mucosal folds dx?
Menetrier disease: prominent gastric rugae + atrophic parietal cells + gastritis sx -massive enlargement of the mucosal folds -Increased mucus production → loss of protein → hypoalbuminemia and peripheral edema -Atrophy of parietal cells → decreased gastric acid production -Hyperplasia of gastric rugae
30
peptic ulcers: gastric vs duodenal. como les afecta la comida?
gastric empeora con comida y duodenal mejora pain is Greater with Gatric
31
liver biopsy: balloning of hepatocytes + inflammatory infiltrates. dx? labs?
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
32
hydrogen breath test se usa para diagnosticar?
lactose intolerance and SIBO
33
steatorrhea+pain after meals+chronic alcohol use. dx? y metodo diagnostico?
pancreatitis cronica tac con contraste: string-of-beads (areas de estenosis alternadas)
34
lab that indicates poor prognosis in acute apendicitis
1)Blood urea nitrogen 2) hematocrit In patients with acute pancreatitis, the release of inflammatory cytokines and vascular injury by pancreatic enzymes leads to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, which can result in significant third-space fluid loss and hemoconcentration. Patients with significant third-space fluid loss usually have a more severe disease course and a worse prognosis. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hematocrit are indicators of the severity of third-space fluid loss and an increase in these is associated with a poor prognosis. Several scoring systems (e.g., Ranson criteria, BISAP) use these indicators to assess the severity and prognosis of patients with acute pancreatitis.
35
herpes esofagitis endoscopia findings?
Multiple round/oval well-circumscribed, confluent ulcers in mid-distal esophagus + vesicles Intranuclear, eosinophilic Cowdry A inclusions
36
obliteration of the psoas outline on x-ray. dx?
Ileo paralitico otra cosa en x rays: uniforme distribution of gas
37
grey turner sign que significa?
indica hemorragia retroperitoneal usualemnte asociado a pancreatitis
38
cual es el surveillance de un pt con riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma hepatocelular? y cuando hay sospecha de malignidad?
US cada 6 m + medir alfa-fetoproteina cada 6 meses? cuando hay sospecha de malignidad? lesion ≥10 mm o AFP ≥ 20 ng/mL
39
que metodo se utiliza para evaluar la erradicación de H pylori después de tx? y cuando se hace?
1. prueba de aliento de urea 2. antigeno en heces 4-6 semanas depsues de terminar el tx
40
Left lower quadrant pain+fever+older pt. diagnostico, metodo dx, tx?
diverticulitis TAC con contraste primer paso tx: metronidazole+fluoroquinolona // 2-3 gen cefalósporina
41
diarrea de aspecto grasiento después de tomar de una corriente de agua dx?
giardiasis tx: tinidazole
42
clinica de ileo paralitico?
abdomen distendido, timpanico, absent bowel sounds
43
CHARGE asociation que significa cada letra?
Coloboma Heart defect, Atresia of the choanae Retardation of growth Genital abnormalities Ear anomalies.
44
VACTERL asociacion que significa cada letra?
Vertebral anomaly Anal atresia Cardiac anomaly Tracheoesophageal fistula Esophageal atresia Renal anomaly (including agenesis) Limb malformation Esophageal atresia with TEF to the distal esophageal segment is the most common type of esophageal atresia, accounting for > 75% of cases. A fetus with esophageal atresia is unable to swallow amniotic fluid, resulting in polyhydramnios, which can lead to premature rupture of membranes and premature labor,
45
que problema de embriogenesis genera esophageal atresia+tracheoesophageal fistula?
mesodermal differentiation causes Esophageal atresia with TEF
46
paciente es diagnosticado con cirrosis por alcohol, cuales son los screenings que se deben hacer?
1. gastroscopia al momento del dx para evaluar si hay varices esofágicas, dependiendo del riesgo de las varices cada 1-3 anos, si hay varices de alto riesgo (grandes, high wall pressure) se hace profilaxis con B bloq (propanolol o nodolol) o ligacion endoscopica 2. cada 6 meses US abdominal+medicion alfa fetoproteina para screen for hepatic carcinoma 3. cada 3 meses labs para calcular child pugh: bilirrubina, inr, protrombina, grado de ascitis y encefalopatía
47
IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody presente en?
celiac disease
48
patogeno en travelers diarrhea ? que tipo de diarrea es? tx?
EnteroTOXIGENIC E. coli watery diarrhea supportive
49
paciente que hace semanas tuvo una colecistectomia y semanas después empezo con diarrea acuosa, dx y tx?
Postcholecystectomy diarrhea: type of secretory diarrhea. Because the gall bladder is a reservoir for bile, its removal results in constant drainage of bile acids into the bowel tx: Bile acid resins (e.g., cholestyramine)
50
a quien se le hace screening para hepatitis c?
todos los adultos >18 anos por lo menos una vez en la vida mas frecuente en los pt de alto riesgo: Injection drug use HIV infection. solid-organ transplantation long-term hemodialysis
51
adulto mayor con urea breath test positivo y masa CD20+ con infiltracion de linfocitos dx? tx?
MALT linfoma gastrico asociado a h pylori tx: Omeprazole, bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole x 14 d Because of the strong association between MALT lymphomas and H. pylori infection, eradication therapy should be performed even if the patient tests negative. In 60–80% of patients with H. pylori-associated gastric MALT lymphoma, eradication therapy results in complete regression of the tumor. A urea breath test or stool antigen test, as well as an endoscopic biopsy, should be performed three months after therapy to confirm H. pylori eradication and histological response. If there is no or only a partial histological response, radiotherapy or chemotherapy should be initiated
52
diangostico de pancreatitis aguda? (imagen)
US abdomen porq la caausa #1 de pancreatitis es gallstones sino queda claro tac con contraste, pero primero us abdomen
53
nino <2 anos + hematoquecia/melena diagnostico y dx?
diverticulo de meckel dx: tecnecio 99 pertecnetato
54
autoimmune hepatitis anticuerpo?
Anti-smooth muscle antibody
55
colangitis esclerósante primaria anticuerpos? y complicación?
antimitochondrial antibodies. complicacion: osteóporosis, hepatocelular carcinoma
56
cuando se hace proctocolectomia y cuando hemicolectomia?
proctocolectomia se hace si hay cancer colorectal Y colitis ulcerativa hemicolectomia se hace si le persona tiene solo cancer colorectal
57
bb <2 meses + ictericia + direct hiperbilirrubinemia + fosfatasa alcalina
biliary atresia
58
Antiendomysial antibodies Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies enfermedad?
celiac disease
59
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies enfermedad?
chron disease
60
epigastric pain that iproves with food dx? complicaciones?
DUODENAL ulcer complicaciones: duodeno anterior: perforación duodeno posterior: massive bleeding
61
Succussion splash early satiety dx?
gastric outlet obstruction
62
diarrea no sanguínolenta cronica + colonoscopia normal dx y metodo dx?
microscopic mucosa dx: biopsia con infiltrados linfocitos intraepitelial
63
PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules dx?
whipples disease
64
estenosis pilorica cual es el desorden acido base y de electrolitos
alcalosis metabolica hipocloro hipokalemia hiponatremia Cl, K, Na
65
ulcera de curling, fisiopatologia y prevención?
fp: decreased gastric blood flow extensive burns > hipovolemia/hipoperfusion > decreased gastric blood flow > curling ulcer prevention: proton pump inhibitor in patients with extensive burns to prevent the formation of Curling ulcers.
66
congenital umbilical hernia management?
observation because mostly have spontaneous resolution by age 5 Umbilical hernias can be seen in association with Down syndrome Umbilical hernias are specifically due to a defect in the umbilical ring
67
periodic acid shift (PAS positive) macrophages in laminate propria dx and tx?
whipples disease tx: ceftrixone iv 2 semanas (tx inicial) + tmp smx vo 1 año (tx mantenimiento)
68
"abdominal succussion splash" dx? metodo diagnostico?
:abdominal succussion splash puede indicar 1. gastric outlet obstruction, dx se hace gastroscopia para ver si hay alguna obstrucción mecanica (/malignididad) 2.gastroparesia diabetica, dx gammagrafía
69
refractory peptic ulcer disease+multiple ulcerations+steatorrhea (foul-smelling, lightly-colored stools) dx, a q se asocia este dx?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome aka gastrinoma asociado a MEN-1 (adenoma pituitario+hiperpatatiroidismo primario+endocrine pancreatic cancer) hiperparatiroidismo: PTH incrementada+hipercalcemia
70
perianal fistula asociado a?
chrons transmural inflammation leads to fistula into another organs
71
duodenal atresia que hay en x ray y a que enfermedad en bb se asocia?
Duodenal atresia: -Double bubble sign in x ray -Down sd association (25%) jejunal atresia: -3 bubble sign -asociado a cystic fibrosis o mama usando vasoconstrictor (cocaina/MDMA, cigarrillo) Intestinal atresia of any origin is suggested by a prenatal history of polyhydramnios, resulting from the inability of the fetus to ingest amniotic fluid due to intestinal obstruction.
72
left lower quadrant pain+hx of constipation in adulto mayor dx? metodo dx?
diverticulitis tac con contraste y 6-8 s DESPUES colonoscopia
73
factores que causan encefalopatia hepatica y tx?
1. Gastrointestinal bleeding: provides gut bacteria with nitrogenous compounds (e.g., hemoglobin) that are degraded to ammonia 2. hipoKalemia 3. hipoNatremia 4. Alcalosis metabolica 5. infection 6. excessive protein consumption tx: lactulose / rifaximina
74
zenker diverticulum dx and tx?
dx: Barium contrast esophagogram tx: Cricopharyngeal myotomy
75
enfermedades a las que se asocia la angiodisplasia? dx?
1. end stage renal disease 2. aortic stenosis 3. von willebrand disease associated to older age >60 y.o angiografia gold standard dx se manifiesta como hematoquesia
76
tx definitivo de isquémia mesenterica aguda?
open embolectomy (si es x trombo) mesenteric bypass surgery (si es x embolo)
77
What acid-base disturbance is associated with pyloric stenosis?
Hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (ph increased, hco3 increased) Piloromiotomia es el tx definitivo pero SIEMPRE se corrige hidratacion, electrolito y acido base PRIMERO antes de la cx, sino hay riesgo de apnea postqx
78
hepatic cyst (hydatid cyst) with or without daughter cysts and eggshell calcification on ultrasonography. etiologia?
Echinococcus granulosus causes echinococcosis, Any invasive procedure (drainage or surgery) of hydatid cysts should be performed with the utmost care to prevent spillage of cyst contents, which can cause life-threatening anaphylactic shock and/or secondary seeding of infection.
79
marcador tumoral mas especifico en adenocarcinoma PANCREATICO?
CA19-9 Tmabien se puede mejor CA 125 pero es MENOS especifico
80
odinofagia, oral pain, HEAVY SALIVATION con que se enveneno? manejo?
causticos: potassium hydroxyde, drain and toilet cleaners manejo: decontamination (removal of clothing), airway management, and fluid resuscitation with upper endoscopy within 12–24 hours of ingestion.
81
triada de salmonella typhi y tx?
salmonella typhy salmon rash (rose spots) hepatomegalia fiebre tx fluoroquinolona macrolido 3 gen cefalosporina
82

primera etapa (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions