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GI > gastrohistology > Flashcards

gastrohistology Flashcards

1
Q

liver

A

2.5% body weight

glissons capsule- simple squamous epithelium from peritoneum

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2
Q

liver synthesizes

A

albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, a and b globulins, glucose, fatty acids, triglycerides, choslesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins

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3
Q

venous flow

A

portal v -> interlobar v -> interlobular v -> distribuiting v (perilobular v) -> inlet veule -> sinusoids -> central v -> sublobular -> collecting v -> hepatic v -> IVC

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4
Q

arterial flow

A

interlobar a -> interlobular a -> distributing a -> inlet a -> sinusoids -> central a _> sublobular v -> collecting v -> hepatic v -> IVC

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5
Q

lymph vessel

A

derived from the space of Disse

conveyed by periportal tissue space of Mall

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6
Q

lobule

A 
1x10^6
hepatocytes form a muralium 
radiate in polyhedron from central v
bloos enters at periphery 
percolates via sinusoids
leaves via central v
bile travels counter current leavinga at periphery
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7
Q

hepatocytes

A 
lifespan 150 days
large cells, most mononuclear
some binucleate
most cells polyploid
form a simple muralium: 2 cells thick in infants by 2 only 1 cell thick
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8
Q

3 surfaces of hepatocytes

A

sinusoidal
basolateral
canalicular (within basolateral)

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9
Q

sinusoids

A

10 um in diameter
space of disse 1-2 um where sinusoidal wall discontinuous w/ supporting reticular fibers
facilitates access of blood to hepatocytes
acellular gap

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10
Q

other sinusoids

A 
kupffer cells
endotheliual cells (non-fenestrated)
fibroblasts
lipocyts (Ito cell)
hematopoetic cells during early fetal life
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11
Q

liver stoma

A

two overlapping CT trees: central vv, portal triad

sinusoids supported by reticular fibers, stroma altered by disease

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12
Q

liver lobule types

A

classic lobule -> based on endocrine nature
portal lobule -> based on exocrine nature
portal acinus -> based on metabolic zonation

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13
Q

classic lobule

A

polygonal in shape
portal canals at periphery and v in center
emphasizes endocrine function of gland (fibrinogen, albumin, glucose)
distinct CT capsule poorly developed in humans

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14
Q

portal lobule

A

triangular in shape
portal canal in center
central v at periperhal apex
exocrine function (bile)

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15
Q

portal acinus

A

rappaports lobule
portal tirads and CV lie at periphery, with long axis inbtwn
reflects gradient of metabolic activity
useful in describing hepatic regeneration, development of cirrhosis, centro-lobular necrosis

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16
Q

zones of portal acinus

A

1- periportal zone, receives blood w/highest concentration of nutrients and oxygen, last to die, first to regenerate
2- mid-region, intermediate quality
3- centrolobular zone, lowest nutrients and oxygen content, first cells to die in centrolobular necrosis

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17
Q

zonations

A 
reflects differences in 
carbohydrate metabolism
protein metabolism
lipid metabolism
drug metabolism
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18
Q

mitochondria

A

1000-2000/cell
half life 10.5 days
self replicating
oxidative phos, urea and TCA cycles, lipid ox

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19
Q

lysosomes

A

catabolism- internal structures (autophagy) and exteral structures (heterophagy)
low internal pH for lysozyme activity
40-50 enzymes present

20
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

aka sphingolipidosis

absense of beta-hexoaminidase A which degrases acididc fatty gangliosides

21
Q

metachromatic leukidystrophy

A

aka sulfatidosis

absence of aryisulfatase causes accumulation of sulfates cerbrosides

22
Q

type II glycogenosis

A

acid maltase absent

23
Q

rER and golgi

A 
plasma proteins (albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen)
secreted in small clear vesicles (not granules)
24
Q

VLDL

A

transport apoproteins for lipoproteins is synthesized in rER
requires sER as well
converted to chylomicrons (not in hepatocytes) requires LPL

25
Q

sER

A

synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids
esterification of FFA to TGs
dehaloginase converts T4-> T3
biotransformation of drugs, metabolites, and xenobiotics
synthesis of cholic acid
conjugation w/glycine and taurine to from bile acids
Ca storage and release

26
Q

glycogen

A

polymeric storage of glucose -> glycogen rosettes
gluconeogenesis storage to periportal area
glucose to perivenous area
rosettes associate w/SER

27
Q

peroxisomes

A 
aka microbodies
about 400/cell
membrane bound
purine catabolism produces uric acid
oxidizes substrates peroxisome biogenesis; can bud from existing peroxisome or from rER
28
Q

microtubules

A

vesicular transport

29
Q

mircofiliments

A

submembranous and pericannilicular location

may be important in bile flow

30
Q

intermediate filiments

A

submembranous and pericannilicular location
found in mallory bodies
seen in variety of hepatic diseases

31
Q

endothelial cells

A 
48% of cells
fenestrated and w/o diaphragm
no pericytes
basal lamina indistinct
type IV collagen and laminin detectable
32
Q

fibroblasts

A

reticular fiber synthesis

type III collagen

33
Q

kupffer cells

A

fixed macrophage of the sinusoids (40% of cells)
have Fc and Cā€™ receptors
phagocytose
bind and degrade hemoglobin to nbilirubin
shared function w/splenic phagocytes
highly toxic in high unbound concentrations transported to heptocyte for further processing
can take over RBC degradation function of spleen

34
Q

Ito cells

A

aka hepatic lipocyte (fat cell) comprise 10% of non-haptocyte cells
lipid droplets characteristic feature
vitamin A rapidly taken up and stored in lipid droplet
take up lipophylic/membranolytic milecules which damage lysosomes

35
Q

biliary space

A

intrahepatic channels

extrahepatic ducts

36
Q

intrahepatic channels

A

bile canniculus
terminal ductules
interlobar bile ducts

37
Q

extrahepatic ducts

A 
right and left hepatic ducts
proper hepatic duct
cystic duct
common bile duct
collumnar w/occasional mucous cells
general plan similar to gut
38
Q

bile canaliculus

A

.5-1.5um diameter channels
sealed by zonula occludens and desmosomes
golgi and sER oriented toward bile canaliculus

39
Q

terminal ductules

A

transition from cnaliculus to interlobular bile ducts
basal surface attached to hepatocytes
flattened to cuboidal epithelium
bicarbonate-secreting pinocytotic vesicles modify bile

40
Q

interlobular bile ducts

A

cuboidal to columnar epithelium
surrounded by elastic and collagen CT
may modify bile by additional bicarb secretion
surrounded by smooth m @ porta hepatis -> narrowing of ducts can be see in cholangiograms

41
Q

cystic duct

A

spiral folds in mucosa due to twist of gallbladder neck

42
Q

common bile duct

A

circumfrential smoth m sphincter present

sphincter of Boyden located prior to jnx w/pancreatic duct

43
Q

gallbladder

A

30-50cc

filled surface is even, empty folds or rugae

44
Q

gallbladder mucosa

A

simple columnar epi w/microvilli
lateral junctional complexes (desmosomes)
capable of extracting water, inorganic salts, other electrolytes
Rokintansky-Aschoff crypts- invaginations of surface epi
mucous glands- appear at neck of gallbladder

45
Q

gallbladder lamina propria

A

thin layer of dense irregular CT
numerous small blood and lymph vessels
NO muscularis mucosa

46
Q

submucosa

A

None in gallbladder

47
Q

gallbladder serosa

A

thick layer of dense irregular CT
abundant aa, vv, and lymph
mesothelium covers underlying CT

GI (14 decks)

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