Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Farm (Chloe) > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What elements of the clinical exam can be used to assess abdominal distention?

A

Rumen contour
Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What things is rumen hypomotility linked to?

A

Systemic inflammation
Increased sympathetic tone
Rumen distention or acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical signs of rumen hypomotility?

A

Dull/depressed
Inappetant
Milk drop
Abnormal abdominal silhouette
Rumen motility/auscultation
Faecal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is frothy bloat primary or secondary?

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is gassy bloat primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is frothy bloat associated with?

A

Lush pasture, clover and legumes
Low fibre and high concentrate diet cause stable foam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signa of frothy bloat?

A

Abdominal enlargement of LHS when viewed from the rear
Colic
Decreased rumen motility
Stomach tube will pass but not decompress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the treatment for frothy bloat?

A

Antifoaming agents, rumenotomy decompression in severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the diet management for frothy bloat?

A

Take off pasture
Late morning grazing
Strip graze
Feed hay before going onto grass
Add long fibre to diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some of the causes of free gas bloat?

A

Obstruction/foreign body
Hypocalcaemia
Prolonged lateral recumbency
Vagal nerve damage
Tetanus
Actinobacililus
Outside pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the clinical signs of vagal indigestion?

A

Decreased milk yield, anorexia
Abnormal faeces
Recurrent bloating
Decreased ruminal motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of vagal indigestion?

A

Anterior functional stenosis or pyloric outflow failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the causes of choke in ruminants?

A

Large quantities of feed, rapid intakes, root crops, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical signs of choke in cattle?

A

Distressed
Extended neck
Coughing
Profuse salivation and bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What medical treatment is helpful for choke?

A

Spasmodic - Hyoscine Butybromide + metamizole
Sedation - Xylazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of stomach bloat in calves?

A

Diarrhoea, poor hair coat, decreased DLWG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for abomasal bloat in calves?

A

IVFT
Antibiotics
Hyoscine
NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What features of abdominocentesis and peritoneal fluid analysis be noted?

A

Colour, volume, turbidity, odour, protein content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute peritonitis?

A

Abdominal discomfort
Pyrexia
Toxaemia
Altered faecal output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some causes of diffuse peritonitis?

A

Urethral obstruction
Acute acidosis/rumenitis
Toxic mastitis
Postpartum metritis
Perforated abomasal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some causes of local peritonitis?

A

LDA/RDA
Caecal torsion
TRP
Uterine torsion/rupture, dystocia, caesarean, vaginal tear
Intestinal obstruction, volvulus, strangulation, intussusception, perforation
Splenic/hepatic/umbilical abscess
Fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be used to diagnose acute peritonitis?

A

Withers pinch - reluctance to dip
Eric Williams test
Rectal palpation
Clinical pathology
Abdominocentesis
Exploratory laparotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the treatment of acute peritonitis?

A

Medical: IVFT, NSAIDS, Antimicrobials
Surgical - debridement, lavage and drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of haemorrhagic jejunitis?

A

Red-dark/ black blood in faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What pathogen causes bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)?
pestivirus - type 1 is common
26
What is the main route of transmission for BVD?
Faeco-oral route
27
What are the clinical signs of type 1 BVDv?
Acute infection - mild systemic illness, immunosuppression, reduced reproductive performance. Respiratory disease (Mucosal disease in PI animals)
28
What are the clinical signs of type 2 BVDv?
Generally severe and often fatal. Thrombocytopenia, diarrhoea, haemorrhagic disease. Enteric infection
29
What are the reproductive effects of BVD at different stages of pregnancy?
<120 days - death and resorption, abortion, mummification or still birth. PI survival. 120-190 days - stillbirth/abortion. Calf abnormalities 190 days + - normal calf
30
What is a PI?
Persistently infected animal. No antibodies are produced. Often small and stunted but clinically completely normal.
31
What are the clinical signs of BVD mucosal disease?
Fatal Weight loss Bloody D+ Dehydration Ulcerated lesions in mouth, nose, ID space
32
What is important about BVD in bulls?
The virus can hide in the testicles meaning on testing - Ab positive and Ag negative but still spreading virus. Only identified in a semen sample.
33
How many cows can contribute to a BVD bulk milk test?
300
34
What is the main route of transmission of BVD?
Nose to nose contact - nasopharyngeal secretions
35
What are the broad causes of brisket oedema?
Reduced venous return, loss of protein or leaky capillaries
36
What causes high altitude disease?
Low oxygen saturation in the air
37
What causes malignant oedema?
Acute wound infection caused by clostridia spp. Often injection or deep wound.
38
What are the clinical signs of malignant oedema?
Anorexia Depression Fever Death Local swelling
39
What is seen on PME of malignant oedema?
Dry and friable muscles Red/black Emphysematous Pericardium effects Myocardial haemorrhage Necrosis
40
How do you treat malignant oedema?
Betamox LA - amoxicillin
41
What biochemistry markers are reduced in udder oedema?
Total protein Calcium Phosphorus Lipoproteins
42
How do you treat udder oedema?
Massage and hot compresses Diuretics Corticosteroids
43
What is seen on the bloods of a ruminant with copper toxicity?
Anaemia, hemoglobinemia, increased liver enzymes, azotaemia
44
What is the official name for ragwort poisoning?
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid ingestion
45
What are the clinical signs of pyrrolizidine alkaloid ingestion?
Weight loss Mild to moderate jaundice Photosensitisation Diarrhoea and low grade colic Hypoalbuminemia Hepatic encephalopathy
46
What can cause liver abscesses?
Damage to the rumen through grain overload
47
What are the risks of liver abscesses?
Rupture into the abdominal cavity - major peritonitis Rupture into major vessel - major haemorrhage Shock sudden death Vena cava thrombosis
48
How do you prevent liver abscesses in ruminants?
Avoiding acidotic ruminal conditions Feed enough roughage Do not overfeed grain
49
What are the most common reasons for milk drop?
Metritis LDA Primary ketosis TRP Mastitis
50
What endoparasites do ruminants not build immunity to?
Fluke (sheep and cattle) Haemonchus (sheep) Lungworm immunity in cattle is short-lived
51
How is nematodirus transmitted?
Between lamb crops over to the following year. Required cold over the winter to prime and hatch eggs.
52
What clinical signs are associated with nematodirus?
Dehydration and rapid death
53
What are the main GI nematodes in lambs?
Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus
54
What are the clinical signs of Teladorsagia and trichostrongylus?
Scouring, weight loss, poor fleece quality, dull/depressed, dehydrated, death Sub-clinical: Slower weight gain, reduced feed conversion efficiency, reduced immunity
55
What are the clinical signs of haemonchus?
Anaemia Weakness Weight loss Sub-mandibular oedema
56
What are the aims of parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) control?
Good productivity/profitability Good immunity where possible Sustainability
57
What is the in-refugia population?
A population of parasites not exposed to treatment. Used to dilute eggs produced by AR worms.
58
What are the 4 factors driving anthelmintic resistance?
1. Buying in resistant worms 2. Under dosing individuals 3. Over treating the population 4. Allow resistant worms the chance to dominate
59
How do you prevent anthelmintic resistance?
- Quarantine treatments for purchased stock - Dose for the heaviest in the group - Calibrate equipment - Minimize number of treatments - Administer correct product correctly - Dilute AR worms - Use non-chemical means of control
60
What are the top 3 differentials for diarrhoea outbreaks in cattle?
1. Salmonella 2. Acidosis 3. Coronvirus
61
What diarrhoea pathogens are most common for calves less than 14 days old?
Rotavirus E.coli Coronavirus Cryptosporidium parvum
62
What age ranges is Eimeria important for in calves?
3 weeks to 6 months
63
What clinical disease is present with Eimeria?
Diarrhoea and poor DLWG Congested mucosa, oedematous and thickened with haemorrhages. Infects caecum, colon and terminal part of ileum
64
What are the pre-disposing factors of Eimeria?
High stocking density Poor hygiene Mixed aged groups Stress Wet and warm weather
65
How do you prevent Eimeria in the herd?
Use an oral drench - Diclazuril, toltrazuril. In feed - deconquinate Hygiene - bedding management, density/group
66
What is the adult cow presentation for infectious diarrhoea?
Highly contagious Short-lived explosive diarrhoea Winter Cattle in close confinement
67
What clinical disease can salmonella cause in cattle?
Abortion, enteritis and septicaemia
68
What is the antibiotic of choice for salmonella and why?
Triethroprim sulphanomide It is gram negative
69
What are the signs of a healthy rumen?
pH - 5.6 to 6.5 10 to 12 hours a day ruminating >70L saliva 3 contractions in 2 minutes VFAs produced 10^9 to 10^11 cfu/ml micro-organisms per ml
70
What are the reported clinical signs of mycotoxins?
Loss of appetite, reduced milk yield/poor weight gain, feed refusal, diarrhoea, pyrexia, pruritus, bleeding, ill thrift
71
What are the main reasons of scour in neonatal lambs?
Incorrect mixing of milk replacer E.coli Clostridium perfringens type B Rotavirus Cryptosporidium
72
What are the main reasons for scour in older lambs?
Rumen acidosis (creep feeding), coccidiosis, nematodes, parasitic gastroenteritis
73
What are the main reasons for scour in adult sheep?
Rumen acidosis (lush pasture), salmonella, Johne's
74
What are the clinical signs of watery mouth (E.coli)?
Pyrexic, lethargic and may scour Hypersalivate Rattle belly
75
What is the route of transmission of cryptosporidium parvum?
Faeco-oral
76
What are the clinical signs of cryptosporidium parvum?
Diarrhoea Inappetence Abdominal pain Mild pyrexia Reduced growth rates General poor performance
77
How do you diagnose cryptosporidium parvum?
Faecal sample or post mortem
78
What control measures can be undertaken for cryptosporidium parvum?
Adequate colostrum intake, good hygiene, prevent transmission Younger graze before older Check disinfectants
79
What pathogen causes Johne's disease?
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)
80
Where are the sources of infection for Johne's disease?
Faeces from shedding goats/sheep/cattle Environment and fomite spread Colostrum/milk from infected cattle Wildlife reservoirs
81
What are the clinical signs of Johne's disease?
Diarrhoea Decreased production Weight loss/emaciation Oedema - bottle jaw 2-6 years old
82
What pathogen causes border disease?
Pestivirus
83
What clinical signs are present with border disease?
Hairy shaker lambs Abortions Stillbirths

Farm (Chloe) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions