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Production Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main risks of BSE?

A

Potential to cross the species barrier with cats, humans and zoo animals.
Massive impacts on trade between countries

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2
Q

How does BSE infection occur?

A

Cattle infected by oral ingestion of contaminated feed which then enters lymphoid tissue and brain.

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3
Q

How old are cattle before BSE clinical disease is apparent?

A

Around 5 years after exposure

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4
Q

What measures were taken during the BSE outbreak?

A

Ruminant feed ban implemented
BSE made notifiable
50% compensation paid to farmers with clinical signs in the first 18 months

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5
Q

What does the lion mark represent in egg production?

A

The highest standards - eliminate salmonella

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6
Q

What control measures are in place to prevent salmonella entering the food chain from egg production?

A

All egg producing hens are vaccinated against salmonella enderitidis
Flocks >350 birds tested at 4 weeks old and 2 weeks before laying.
Positive birds culled with full compensation

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7
Q

What percentage of the UK gamebird population are pheasants?

A

80%

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of a yolk sac infection?

A

Malodourous, omphalitis
Dehydration, emaciation
Large discoloured yolk sac
Mortality, coliforms

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9
Q

What are starve-out chicks?

A

Chicks with no ingesta in gizzard

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10
Q

What are the signs of a non-starter chick?

A

Yolk sac is absorbed with a pale liver

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11
Q

At what age, are gamebird chicks typically affected by viral enteritis/rotavirus?

A

4-10 days

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of viral enteritis/rotavirus in gamebird chicks?

A

Yellow frothy droppings
Typhlitis
Dehydration
Ruffled feathers
Pyrexia

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13
Q

How is viral enteritis/rotavirus transmitted in gamebird chicks?

A

Horizontal transmission
From breeders due to contaminated shells

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14
Q

How is salmonellosis transmitted to gamebird chicks?

A

Vertical transmission through hatchery or contamination of brood hut

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15
Q

What is a characteristic PME finding of salmonellosis in gamebird chicks?

A

Caecal cores

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of spironucleus meleagridis and tetretrichomonas gallinae in gamebird chicks?

A

Watery diarrhoea
Dehydration
Weight loss
Lethargy
Depression
Mortality

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17
Q

What is the most important eimeria spp in pheasants?

A

Eimeria colchici

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18
Q

What is the most important Eimeria spp in partidges?

A

Eimeria legionensis

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19
Q

At what age is coccidiosis seen in gamebird chicks?

A

21 days to 16 weeks

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20
Q

How is coccidiosis transmitted between gamebirds?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

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21
Q

What pathology is seen with histomoniasis in gamebirds?

A

Pathognomonic multiple necrotising lesions in liver with caseous typhlitis

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22
Q

What clostridia spp causes ulcerative enteritis in partridges?

A

Clostridium colinum

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23
Q

What is the primary pathogen in infectious sinusitis of gamebirds?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV)?

A

Tremors
Incoordination
Cataracts

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25
What is the only antibiotic licenced in gamebirds?
Tylvalosin
26
What are the meat and egg withdrawals on off-licenced medications in poultry?
28 days meat and 7 days egg
27
What type of virus is Maedi Visna?
Lentivirus
28
What type of virus is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?
Retrovirus
29
What pathogen causes caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
30
What pathogen causes ovine Johne's disease?
Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis
31
What type of virus causes border disease?
Pestivirus
32
What is the main route of transmission of maedi visna?
Oronasal
33
What control measures should be put into place if there is a high level of maedi visna infection?
1. Cull flock and restock with accredited sheep 2. Try and reduce losses through management
34
What is the main route of transmission of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?
Aerosol
35
What control measures can be put into place for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?
1. Identify and cull infected and offspring 2. Manage in single age groups 3. Reduce close contact 4. Snatch lambing and rear artificially
36
How is caseous lymphadenitis transmitted?
Through skin abrasions, inhalation or ingestion when sheep are grouped
37
What control measures can be put into place for caseous lymphadenitis?
1. Buy from trusted sources 2. Boundary biosecurity 3. Separating infected animals
38
At what age are clinical signs present in ovine Johne's disease?
2 to 3 years old
39
How is border disease transmitted between sheep?
Respiratory secretions Transplacental or via semen from PI rams
40
What are the 3 stages of clinical mastitis?
1 = mild (milk changes) 2 = Moderate (inflammatory signs in quarter) 3 = Severe (systemic signs, sub-acute to toxic)
41
What factors should be taken into consideration when treating clinical mastitis?
- Cow SCC - Parity and number of quarters affected - Farm bulk milk SCC - Prevalence of infection - ETC
42
What type of mastitis pathogens are most likely in a high cell count herd?
Contagious mastitis with gram-positive pathogens predominating.
43
What type of mastitis pathogens are most likely in a low cell count herd?
Environmental pathogens with either/both gram positive and gram negative pathogens.
44
What is the point of dry cow therapy?
Directed at the control of gram-positive contagious mastitis pathogens
45
What cows are at risk of summer mastitis?
Dry cows and heifers Can affect young calves, bulls and steers
46
What are the clinical signs of summer mastitis?
Hard, hot and painful quarter Characteristic foul smell Cow often goes lame Can lead to abortion
47
What are the treatment options for summer mastitis?
Systemic penicillin or derivatives Regular stripping Institute drainage by removing teat/cutting vertically
48
How do you control the risks of summer mastitis?
Fly avoidance and control Dry cow therapy Teat sealants
49
What is negative energy balance?
When yield increases much faster than food intake.
50
What are the issues with sub-clinical ketosis?
Reduced milk quality Decreased fertility Impaired immune function Role in other diseases e.g LDA
51
What is the ideal body condition score for a cow at calving?
2.5 to 3
52
What is beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) used to measure?
Ketone body Current energy supply/demand Useful for fresh calves
53
What are non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) used to measure?
Transport form of fat Indicator of fat mobilisation Useful for transition
54
What is the target DMI for a high yielding cow?
>23 kg/d
55
What is the target DMI for a transition cow?
>12 kg/d
56
How can dry matter intake be improved on farm?
Minimise group changes Easy access trough space per cow Avoid over-conditioned cows Minimise ration palatability Manage environment appropriately
57
What causes hypocalcaemia in cattle?
A lot more calcium in the milk than in the circulating calcium pool
58
Why is a low dietary cation-anion balance the final 2-3 weeks before calving important?
It induced milk metabolic acidosis resulting in enhanced uptake of Ca from the GI tract, mobilisation from the bone and a higher rate of vitamin D3 activation. Helps with the prevention of hypocalcaemia.
59
Which ear does the electronic yellow tag go in?
Left ear
60
What are the steps to treating an ear tag infection?
- Lance abscess - Clean with AB wash - Apply topical ABs If bad, broad spectrum ABs and if severe, remove tag
61
What is the optimum age to put a bull ring in?
Between 6 and 12 months
62
What are the clinical signs of toxic mastitis?
Severely sick cow Cardiovascular shock Temperature increases then subnormal Eating, drinking and milking to nil Mammary changes - hot, swollen, watery secretion
63
What are the common differentials for a down cow?
Hypocalcaemia Dystocia Trauma Peracute infections (metritis) Neurological/toxins
64
What are the common differentials for a sick but standing cow?
Early hypocalcaemia Early hypomagnesaemia Ketosis Dystocia Acute infections (metritis) Neurological/toxins
65
What are the clinical signs of acute mastitis in sheep?
Visible symptoms Behaviour changes due to pain Unusual discharge Increased temperature, anorexi and increase in SCC Severe cases can turn gangrenous
66
What costs are associated with mastitis in sheep?
Culling, treatment, mortality, reduced milk yield and quality, lower lamb growth rates
67
What are the major pathogens associated with mastitis in sheep?
Staphylococcus aureus Mannhaemia haemolitica Streptococcus spp. E.coli Coagulase-negative streptococci (CNS)
68
What are the risk factors associated with mastitis in sheep?
Nutrition Low BCS Poor hygiene/ indoor lambing Teat lesions and conformation Cross-suckling Age MV

Farm (Chloe) (5 decks)

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