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DMD 5249 > Gastrointestinal A&P (11) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal A&P (11) Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of the three salivary glands

A 
parotid
- largest, affected by mumps, mostly serous, 25%
Submandibular
- serous and mucous, 70%
Sublingual
- mostly mucous, 5%
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2
Q

How do parasympathetics and sympathetics control the salivary glands

A

parasympathetics stimulate saliva secretion
mild sympathetics inhibit saliva secretion (dry mouth)
strong sympathetics stimulate saliva secretion of mucous (foaming at the mouth)

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3
Q

besides parasympathetics, and sympathetics what can control saliva secretion

A

tactile stimulation (object in the mouth)

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4
Q

What is the pharynx, and what are its parts

A

the common passageway for air, foods, and liquids. it is made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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5
Q

What is the esophagus

A

a hollow muscular tube that takes food from the pharynx to the stomach

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6
Q

where does the esophagus start, what does it pass through, and where does it end

A

it starts posterior to the cricoid cartilage with the upper esophageal sphincter, passes through the esophageal hiatus, and ends at the lower esophageal sphincter.

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7
Q

What parts of the esopahgus are controlled by voluntary and involuntary muscle, and what innervates it

A

the top 1/3 is voluntary
the bottom 1/3 is involuntary
and it is innervated by the esophageal plexus

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8
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

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9
Q

what are the phases of deglutition

A

Buccal phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

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10
Q

what happens in the buccal phase of deglutition

A

bolus is compressed against the hard palate, and the soft palate which closes of nasopharynx. reflex begins and the bolus is moved toward the stomach
(volulntary)

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11
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

A

bolus comes into contact with posterior pharyngeal wall
bolus passes glottis by elevation of the larynx and folding of the epiglottis
uvula and soft palate block passage into nasopharynx

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12
Q

what happens in the esophageal phase of deglutition

A

pharyngeal muscles contract and force the bolus into the esophagus
peristalsis moves the bolus to the stomach

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13
Q

what is peristalsis

A

wave of relaxation followed by a wave of contraction of the circular muscles in the esophagus that propels the bolus toward the stomach.

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14
Q

how many waves of peristalsis is usually needed

A

1, if the bolus gets stuck stretch receptors will activate and cause more and more forceful peristalsis waves until the bolus is moved into the stomach

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15
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the stomach

A

store ingested food
mechanically breakdown food
disrupt chemical bonds in food by acid and enzymes
produce intrinsic factor (required for absorption of B12 in small intestine)

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16
Q

What are the 5 regions of the stomach

A 
cardiac
fundus
body
antrum 
pyloris
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17
Q

what are the two sphincters of the stomach

A 
Gastroesophageal (lets food in)
pyloric sphincter (lets food out)
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18
Q

What innervates the stomach

A

PNS
SNS
Enteric NS

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19
Q

What kind of epithelium lines all of the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium (secretes mucus that covers the stomach)

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20
Q

What are the special cells in the gastric pits of the stomach and what is their function

A 
mucous neck cells (produce mucous)
parietal cells (produce HCl, and intrinsic factor)
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Endocrine cells in pylorus (serotonin, gastrin)
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21
Q

What are the layers of the stomach

A

mucosa
muscularis mucosae
submucosa
muscularis externae

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22
Q

How does digestion and absorption occur in the stomach

A

digestion
- food becomes more fluid, pH around 2, pepsin activity increases, protein disassembly begins
Absorption
- None

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23
Q

What are the three phases of Gastric activity

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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24
Q

what is the cephalic phase of gastric activity

A

the production of acid and enzymes that are controlled by the CNS, ENS reflexes, and Digestive hormones

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25
What is the gastric phase of gastric activity
food in the stomach stretch receptors increase in enzyme release
26
what is the intestinal phase of gastric activity
small food enters intestine causing gastrin release, peristalsis of the stomach
27
What happens in the small intestine
complete enzymatic digestion of all foods 90% of absorption receives pancreatic secretion
28
What are the three parts of the small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
29
What is segmentation (how does it differ from peristalsis)
it is contractions of the smooth muscle that breaks down the food, segments it, and mixes it up with digestive juices to increase absorption (peristalsis doesn't break up food, just moves it)
30
What are the features of the small intestine that increase absorption
1. length 2. circular folds (plicae circulares) (increase surface area, slows down chyme) 3. vili (movable, enhance efficiency) 4. Microvili (increase absorptive surface, contain enzymes to complete digestion)
31
What are the intestinal glands of the small intestine
mucous cells between epithelial cells that secrete mucus,
32
What are the brush border enzymes
``` sucrase lactase glucoamylase (maltase) alpha dextrinase (isomaltase) peptidases (cytosolic, enterokinase, enteropeptidase) ```
33
What are the cells in the small intestine, and what do they do
enterocytes - absorption goblet cells - mucin to lubricate and protect Enteroendocrine cells - CCK stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate paneth cells - defensive functions (defensins) Duodenal (brunner's) glands - alkaline mucous to protect from low pH
34
What happens in the duodenum
mixing
35
what happens in the jejunum
chemical digestion
36
What happens in the ileum
absorption
37
what are peyers patches, and where are they found
they are pouches of lymphatic tissue (like nodes) in the walls of the ileum
38
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system
pancreas liver gall bladder
39
what attaches the pancreas to the duodenum
the pancreatic duct
40
what is 90% of the pancreas composed of
ductal and exocrine cells (acinar)
41
What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
42
what are the exocrine (pancreatic Acini) secretions of the pancreas
``` pancreatic alpha amylase (breaks down starches) pancreatic lipase (breaks down complex lipids) Nucleases (breaks down Nucleic acids) proteolytic enzymes - trypsin ```
43
What are proteases and peptidases, where are they from and where are they active
proteases are enzymes the break down large proteins peptidases break down small peptides into AA they are from the pancreas, but only active in the small intestine
44
is pancreatic juice alkaline or acidic
alkaline
45
what is the liver organized into
hexagonal lobules with a cental vein in the middle, and a triad at each corner - hepatic portal vein branch - hepatic artery branch - bile duct branch
46
what is the main type of cell in the liver
the hepatocyte
47
what are the functions of the liver
1. metabolic regulation 2. detoxification 3. plasma protein synthesis 4. production and storage of glycogen 5. removal or hormones and antibodies 6. partial activation of vit D 7. removal of bacteria and RBC 8. excretion of bilirubin 9. bile formation and secretion
48
What does the liver make bile salts from
cholesterol
49
what is the common bile duct that goes into the duodenum
the duct composed of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from gall bladder)
50
where does the common bile duct enter the duodenum
at the duodenal ampulla with the pancreatic duct
51
what is the function of the gall bladder
stores and concentrates bile, then secretes it when CCK stimulates it
52
What is the function of bile
emulsifies fats
53
What are the enzymatic steps of digestion
1. gastrin (stomach) = acid production and mixing 2. GIP (SI) = release of insulin 3. secretin and CCK (SI) = pancreatic buffers and enzymes, and bile 4. VIP (SI) = dilation of intestinal capillaries all of which lead to absorption and utilization by the tissues
54
what are the parts of the large intestine (in order)
``` appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus ```
55
What are the functions of the large intestine
absorb water from food absorb salts and some vitamins forms, stores, and expels feces
56
what part of the small intestine receives material from the ileum
cecum
57
what are haustra
pouches in the large intestine that allow for expansion and elongation
58
does the colon have vili or enzyme secretions
nope
59
what happens to 94% of the bile salts secreted by the liver
they are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum, then the rest are absorbed in the cecum
60
What are the three vitamins produced in the large intestine
Vitamin K - liver needs it for making clotting factors Biotin - used in glucose metabolism Vitamin B5 - used in steriod and neurotransmitter production
61
what is produced by bacteria breaking down feces in large intestine
ammonia indole and skatole - nitrogen "smelly" hydrogen sulfide - rotten egg smell gas
62
What is the rectum
the anus or last 6 inches of the large intestine, which is expandable to store feces and causes urge to deficate
63
What is the anal canal
The last part of the rectum
64
What are the different digestions locations of carbs and sugars
Mouth with salivary amylase none in the stomach Small intestine pancreatic amylase - starches to maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrin Glucoamylase - short chains to glucose alpha dextrinase - branched chains to glucose lactase - lactose to glucose and galactose sucrase - sucrose to glucose and fructose
65
what happens to the glucose, fructose, and galactose once it makes it into the blood
they go to the liver, where there are converted into glucose-6-phosphate. then to glycogen or fat (fat if there is excess glycogen)
66
What are the different locations of protein digestion
none in the mouth pepsin in the stomach (converts proteins to short peptides) pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine break those down into AAs or even smaller peptides 2-4 AA peptides can go into the brush border cells, where most are converted into AAs
67
What happens to the AAs once they are absorbed
they go to the liver, some pass right through, some are stored. if excess amino acids are present, or blood glucose is low they can be converted into glucose or ketone bodies or triglycerides
68
What are the steps of lipid digestion
1. 10% digested in the mouth by lipases 2. bile emulsifies the lipid (smaller lipid droplets) 3. pancreatic lipases hydrolize the lipid droplet to form monoglyceride and free fatty acids 4. those accumulate with bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol to form micelles 5. micelles allow for a lot of lipase activity and it allows the micelle to move right into cells 6. in the cell they are resynthesized into triglycerides 7. those are packed into a chylomicron which is carried in the lymphatic system into the blood
69
where is appetite regulated
arcuate nuclei in the hypothalamus
70
what are the two pathways the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus regulated appetite
NPY/AgRP = increase appetite POMC/CART = decrease appetite they are usually oppositely activated
71
how is appetite affected neuronally
fatty acids and amino acids, as well as stretching of the GI tract inhibit appetite by activating affarent vagus nerves and sympathetic nerves
72
How do hormones affect appetite
``` Grehlin CCK PP (pancreatic polypeptide) GLP1 and other gut hormones Insulin Amylin glucagon ``` all inhibit appetite
73
What is leptin
a hormone produced by fat cells that inhibits appetite
74
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on appetite (cortisol)
they increase appetite partially by inhibiting the action of leptin.
75
what causes increased secretion of glucocorticoids and thus causes increased appetite
stress
76
What mechanical activities happen at each location in the GI tract
``` mouth - mastication Esophagus - swallowing Stomach - peristalsis, contractions SI - peristalsis and segmentation LI - peristalsis and mass movement ```
77
Where does amylase come from and what does it breakdown
saliva and SI | it breaks down carbs
78
where does maltase come from and what does it break down
the SI and it breaks down maltose
79
Where does pepsin come from and what does it break down
the stomach | it breaks down proteins
80
where does trypsin come from and what does it break down
pancreas | proteins
81
where does peptidase come from and what does it break down
SI | peptides
82
where does nuclease come from and what does it break down
pancreas | DNA and RNA
83
where does nucleosidase come from and what does it break down
pancreas | nucleotides
84
Where does lipase come from and what does it break down
pancreas | lipids
85
What is the function of gastrin
stimulates peristalsis of the stomach and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter stimulates pepsinogen secretion Gastrin HIstamine
86
What is the function of CCK
stops peristalsis and contracts pyloric sphincter | it opposes gastrin
87
What is pepsinogen
the inactive form of pepsin that is converted into pepsin by HCl
88
What is the affect of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine on gastric secretion
they increase gastrin, pepsin, histamine, HCl and inhibit mucus and bicarbonate therefor this causes stomach and heart burn
89
what increases pancreatic secretion as well as bile secretion
PNS CCK Gastrin Secretin - bicarbonate
90
What is the function of enteropeptidase
it converts the inactive trypsinogen to the active trypsin, which in turn converts other inactive pancreatic enzymes into active enzymes

DMD 5249 (10 decks)

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