Renal Pathology (6) Flashcards
(47 cards)
What causes ADH secretion
high blood pressure sensed by the carotid barorecptors
What does ADH cause
it inserts aquaporins into the wall of the collecting duct, making it possible for water to leave the collecting duct, leading to less urine that is more concentrated.
What causes the kidneys to release renin, and the liver to release angiotensinogen
low blood pressure and low sodium
What do renin and angiotensinogen do
angiotensinogen is turned into angiotensin I by renin, then angiotenisin I is turned into Angiotensin II by ACE from the lungs, it then causes the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone. this causes reabsorption of Na, and secretion of K+
What is Azotemia
increased in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
What is uremia
azotemia and more problems (Gastroenteritis, bleeding, peripheral neuropathy, fibrinous pericaditis)
What are glomerulopathies
disorders that directly affect the glomerulus, they are the most common cause of kidney failure. They cause decreased GFR, less urine, elevated plasma creatinine and urea
What are the two primary types of glomerulopathies
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) Nephritic syndrome (nephritis)
What are the secondary types of glomerulopathies
lupus nephritis
diabetic nephropathy
DIC with thrombotic microangiopathy
What is nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
damage to the glomerular membrane resulting in elargement of the fenestrations. causes secretion of proteins in the urine. but there are less overall fenestrations
what can cause nephrosis
hypertension
diabetes mellitus destroying capillary beds
Type 3 immune disorders (lupus and RA)
What happens to fluid balance in nephrosis
more water leaves the blood due to less osmotic pressure becuase of the proteins lost. this leads to edema and hypotension
how is nephrosis treated
Anti-inflammatory steroids
anti-immune drugs (if related)
insulin for diabetics
high protein diet
What are the three types of nephrosis
minimal change disease
focal segmental
membranous
What is minimal change disease nephrosis
common in children, few discernable changes, good prognosis
what is focal segmentation glomerulosclerosis
scarring of the glomerulus with a poor prognosis. can be primary, or caused by HIV, heroin, or hypertension
What is membranous glomerulonephritis
autoimmune activation of immune complex, causing deposition of antibodies in the basement membrane leading to increased permeability
What is nephritic syndrome (nephritis)
inflammation of the glumerulus
what causes nephritis
immunologic abnormailities drugs or toxins vascular disorders systemic diseases viral cases
What are the symptoms of nephritis
slight proteinuria
hematuria
azotemia
hypertension
What are the types of nephritis
acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
RPGN
chronic glomerulonephritis
what is acute postinfecious glomerulonephritis
happens 2-3 weeks after strep infection, antigen-antibody complexes precipitate on glomerular membrane, leads to inflammation and thickening
how is acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis treated
antibiotics, anti-inflammatory steroids, Dialysis
what is IgA neuropathy (Berger disease)
2-3 days after URT or GI viral infection, the IgA binds to mesangial cells causing them to proliferate
