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DMD 5249 > Male and Female Tract Pathology (6) > Flashcards

Male and Female Tract Pathology (6) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Cryptorchidism

A

incomplete testicular descent at 1 that can be unilateral or bilateral

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2
Q

what are the types of cryptorchidism

A

true (it follows the inguinal canal but doesn’t descend completely)
ectopic (it doesn’t follow the inguinal canal and can end up somewhere else)

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3
Q

What are the problems with cryptorchidism

A

its associated with sterility and malignancy

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4
Q

how is cryptorchidism treated

A

orchiopexy - moving the testicle into the right location via surgery

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5
Q

What is the most common type of cancer in men 15-35

A

testicular cancer

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6
Q

What is looked for when doing a self evaluation for testicular cancer

A

enlarged testicle with a distinct lump
feeling of heaviness in the testicle or groin
changes in the way the testicle feels

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7
Q

What are the two main groups of testicular cancer

A

seminomas and nonseminomas

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8
Q

What are seminomas

A

tumors that arise from germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules.
they often remain localized and don’t metastisize early. they are very sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy

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9
Q

What are the four types of nonseminomas

A

embryonal carcinoma
yolk sac tumor
choriocarcinoma
teratoma

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10
Q

What is an embryonal carcinoma

A

a tumor of undifferentiated stem cells, poorly differentiated and pleiomorphic.
there are usually no tumor markers

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11
Q

What is a yolk sac tumor

A

a tumor of yolk sac cells that occurs around 3 years
there are glomerulus like structures (Schiller-duval bodies)
90% of patients have an elevated alpha fetoprotein

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12
Q

What is a choriocarcinoma

A

a tumor of trophoblastic cells.

all patients have elevated hCG

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13
Q

What is a teratoma

A

a tumor of somatic tissue cells
the tissues are random (neural, muscle, brain, etc.)
no tumor markers

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14
Q

How is treatment of testicular cancer

A

with early detection there is a 90% cure rate
seminomas metastisize less, and are more sensitive to chemo and radiation
non seminomas metastisize earlier and farther and have a worse prognosis

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15
Q

What is torsion of the testis

A

rotation of the testi which causes blood vessels and the spermatic cord to twist. Its painful and causes the testis to swell. it can happen all on its own or due to strenuous activity

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16
Q

What are the three disorders of the scrotum

A

varicocele - inflammation/dilation of veins (valve problem)
hydrocele - scrotal swelling, fluid in the tunica vaginalis
spematocele - dilation of the epididymis

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17
Q

What is orchitis

A

acute inflammation of the testis

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18
Q

What is epididymitus

A

painful inflammation of the epididymis that is common among sexually active young men. an infection from the bladder or urethra travels to the epididymis.

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19
Q

What are the two types of prostate cancer

A

nodular hyperplasia and carcinoma

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20
Q

What is nodular hyperplasia of the prostate

A

benign proliferation of the glands and stroma
due to excessive androgen stimulation.
symptom is urinary obstruction due to compression of urethra

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21
Q

What are the stages and symptoms of prostate carcinoma

A

early = no symptoms (PSA exam detection)
late = hard nodule felt in rectal exam
very late = local pain and obstuctive syndromes

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22
Q

What is a PSA exam

A

PSA is an enzyme made in the prostate
PSA 10 suggests cancer
But it isn’t terribly reliable

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23
Q

What things influence likelyhood of prostate carcinoma

A

hormones, genetics, environment

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24
Q

how do we know hormones influence prostate carcinoma

A

castrated males before puberty don’t get it

orchiectomy and estrogen treatment works

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25
how do we know genes influence prostate carcinoma
there is an increased risk in first-degree relatives | there is an earlier onset in African American
26
How do we know that the environment influences prostate carcinoma
there is an increase in scandinavian countries, and a decrease in asian countries
27
how does it appear that diet affects prostate carinoma
hyperinsulinemia is associated with accelerated growth of prostate cancer
28
How is prostate carcinoma treated
surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy
29
what is phimosis
foreskin is too tight to retract
30
what is paraphimosis
foreskin is too tight to go over the glans
31
What causes phimosis and paraphimosis
poor hygiene or chronic infections
32
What is peyronie Syndrome
"bent nail syndrome" which is excessive curvature of the penis during erection. it is painful and caused by the development of fibrous plaques in the corpus cavernosa
33
What is the precursor to cervical carcinoma
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | almost all cases of cervical carcinoma arise from CIN, but not all CIN leads to cervical carcinoma
34
What are the different grades of Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
I , II, and III (I and II are low grade, III is high grade) | the higher the grade, the more likely it is to progress to carcinoma
35
What are the risk factors for developing cervical carcinoma
``` early age at first intercourse multiple sexual parteners persistent HPV infection Smoking Immunodeficiency ```
36
How is HPV and cervical cancer correlated
HPV is detectable in almost all CIN and cancer High risk HPV is found in carcinomas Low rist HPV is found in condylomas
37
From what do most cervical carcinomas arise
most cases are squamous arising from CIN,some are adenocarcinomas
38
What is endometriosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus, often in peritoneum (rarely in lymph nodes) The endometrial tissue stil undergoes cyclic bleeding and causes scarring, pain and sometimes sterility
39
What causes a chocolate cyst in the ovaries
endometriosis
40
What is endometrial hyperplasia
the proliferation of endometrium due to excess estrogen that can cause anovulatory cycles, obesity, estrogen producing ovarian tumors, exogenous hormone use
41
What are the three types of endometrial hyperplasia, and which is most likely to develop into carcinoma
simple, complex, and atypical | this is the order of least to most likely to develop into carcinoma
42
What is leiomyoma
a fibroid benign tumor of smooth muscle that is pretty common and is stimulated by estrogen.
43
what are the symptoms of leiomyoma
menorrhagia metrorrhagia asymptomatic
44
What is leiomyosarcoma
a malignant tumor of smooth muscle with necrosis, atypical cells and lots of mitoses. many of these metastisize
45
What is endometrial cancer
cancer of the endometrium that usually arises from endometrial hyperplasia.
46
What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer
obesity, nulliparity, estrogen replacement
47
What are the symptoms of endometrial cancer
leukorrhea, irregular bleeding
48
What are the different classifications of ovarian tumors
surface epithelial tumors germ cell tumors sex cord-stromal tumors
49
what are the three different surface epithelial tumor types
serous (60% benign, p53 mutation) mucinous (80% benign, proliferation of mucus secreting cells) cystadenofibroma (benign tumor of surface epithelium, Large, cysts then neoplasm)
50
What are the symptoms of ovarian tumors
feeling full or bloated pelvic pain back pain abnormal menses
51
What are the risk factors for ovarian tumors
nulliparity family history not using oral contraceptives
52
what is the prognosis for ovarian tumors
when confined to the ovary, 5y = 70% | when through the ovarian capsule, 5y = 13%
53
What is Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
multiple cystic follicles that secrete excess androgens
54
What are the symptoms of PCOS
Hirsutism oligoovulation (infrequent) or anovulation Hyperadrogenism Infertility
55
What effects does insulin have on the ovaries (premenopause)
it causes Testosterone production in the ovaries | and it inhibits aromatase, which converts Testosterone to Estradiol. so a low CHO diet helps with PCOS
56
What effect does insulin have (postmenopause) on adipose
it increases Testosterone production in adipose
57
What effect does insulin have on the testis
decreases testosterone production in testis
58
What is a breast mouse
fibroadenoma, the most common benign breast tumor. it is stimulated by estrogens and is discrete and movable
59
What are the risk factors for breast carcinoma
``` age (75% of patients are older than 50) familiy history increased estrogen exposure alcohol obesity high-sugar diet ```
60
how do CHO influence breast cancer risk
CHOs increase risk of breast cancer (tumors can have more insulin receptors)
61
What are the non-invasive carcinomas
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
62
What are the invasive carcinomas
ductal (most common) lobular inflammatory ( peau d'orange, inflamed breast)
63
How is a prognosis for breast carcinoma determined
``` size of tumor lymph node involvement distant metastises grade of tumor histological type ```
64
What is gynecomastia
overdevelopped breast tissue in males
65
what can cause gynecomastia
hormone alterations hypogonadism obesity

DMD 5249 (10 decks)

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