label the structure and what they consiste of?
Head: 2
Neck:2
Chest:1
Abdomen: 3
Pelvis: 2
Perineum: 1
name the functions of the Oral Cavity? (4)
- sensation
- salivation
- chewing
- initiating swallowing
name the functions of the pharynx? (3)
- Defence againt infection (tonsil)
- Swallowing
- Airways protection
name the functions of the oesphagus? (1)
transit from pharynx to the stomach
name the functions of the stomach? (3)
- Transit
- Defence against infection (acid)
- Digestion & Absorption
Name the functions of the large Intestine & Anus?
- Transit
- Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
- Stool formation
- Waste excretion
Lable the diagram
lable the following:
hard palate/ soft palate/ palatine tonsils/
gingiva uvula/ arch of the soft palate.
what is mastication? and what does it facilitates ?
process of chewing.
tastes and digestion
lable the diagram with
buccinator
how do we chew?
opening and closing of the jaw at Temporomandiubular joint
controlled by muscles of mastication.
3 close/ 1 open
what are 4 the muscles of mastication?
which open and close?
- Temporalis (close)
- Masseter (close)
- Medial Ptergoid (close
- Lateral Ptergoid (open)
how many teeth does an adult have
32
Lable the tongue papillae?
foliate
vallate
fungiform
filiform
and functions
how many pairs of extrinsic and intrensic muscles are there ?
4 exterinsic
1 for intrinsic
how is being a solute useful to siliva?
what does mucin do?
allows taste
aids swalloiwng & speach/ keeps mucosa moist
what enzyme does siliva have for digestion
amylase
name the 3 major glands and minor glands.
paratoid
submandiublar
sublingual.
minor glands keep mouth moint from basal secretion.
where does the parotid gland secrete to
where does the subandiular gland secrete to
where does the sublingual gland secrete to
upper 2nd molar
secrets via the submandibular duct
several sublingual ducts.
where are the muscles for facial expression
superficial fasica and fascial skeleton
what is the function of the buccinator muscle in the face ?
tenses the cheek
Align food between teeth
what is the function of the orbicularis Oris in the face ?
prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing as they lie within the lips
Lable the 3 parts of the pharynx
what is special about the epiglotis
moves posteriorly aiding the closure of laryngeal inlet.
how can you reduce the chance of aspiration
by raising the larynx towards the oesophagus.
what is the oesophagus and its function
muscular tube.
trasmit food/ liquid to stomach.
what type of muscle are the 3 layers of anterolateral abdominal wall ?
skeletal muscles
lable the diagram
out of the 3 muscles… skeletal muscle/ smooth muscle and cardiac muscule which oneis voluntary
skeletal muscle
define the peritoneum
serous membrane which secrets lubricating peritoneal fluid into te peritoneal cavity.
what is peritonitis?
inflammation of the peritoneum caused by infection.
lable the organs (6)
name the sphicter between the duodenum abd stomach
pyloric sphincter.
what is the functin of the stomach
digestions and defence agaisnt infection.
how is the small intestine attached to the body wall?
by the mesentery.
name the 3 parts of the small intestine?
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
what is the mesentery? and its function
double layer of the peitoneum.
allows passage of nerves/ arteries and veins.
where does the Pancreas sit?
in the curved part of the duodenum.
faces towards the spleen
what are the 2 fucntion of the pancrease
Enodcrine - release hormones into the blood
Exocrine - release digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
name the duct that pancreas uses to release hormones?
main pancreatic duct
fuction of the gallbladder?
store and concentrate bile
where is bile produced
liver
what is the name of the duct that carrys bile from the liver?
common hepatic duct
what is the name of the duct closer to the gallbladder
cystic duct
when the liver duct and the duct close to the gallbladder combine it is given a name …
bule duct (CBD)
fucntion fo the liver ?
metabolism of carbohydrates/ lipids/ proteins
detoxifies blood
what does biliary system include
liver / gallbladder/ biliary tree/ duodenum
Large intestine function?
transit
water reabsorption & electrolytes
Stool formation
Large Intestine and small intestine are connected by what junction?
ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine
lable the diagram with:
caecum ascending
colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
appendix
rectum and the anal are made up of what muscle
smooth muscle
the sphincter is made from mucle group name it ?
and why
skeletal muscle
for control
what organs are in the foregut? (4)
Oesophagus to mid duodenum
Liver + gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 of pancreas
what organs are in the midgut?
mid duodenum to proximal 2/3 of trans colon
1/2 pancreas
what organs are in the hindgut
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to proximal
1/2 of anal canal.
name the 3 branches of the abdnominal aorta support that supply the foregut/ midgut/ hindgut
Coeliac Trunk (foregut)
Superior mesenteric artery (midgut organs)
Inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut)
inferior mesenteric vein drains what ?
hindgut via the splenic vein
what drains the midgut
super mesenteric vein
splenic vein drains
foregut
what all links to the hepatic portal vein
Superior mesenteric vein+
Inferior mesenteric vein +
Splenic vein
Portal venous system drains from ?
GI tract and assoicted organs- spleen and the pancreas
what is the type of blood is absored from the portal venous system?
de-oxygentated and
nutrient- rich
systemic venous system drains de-oxygenated from the…
rest of the rest of the boyd
- Food and Liquid consumed
- Transported through …
- Mainly absorbed by …
- Taken up by … system blood
- Received and processed by the …
- Transported to the … by systemic circulation
- Pumped round the body by the …
- Food and Liquid consumed
- Transported through GI tract
- Mainly absorbed by small intestine
- Taken up by portal system blood
- Received and processed by the liver
- Transported to the heart by systemic circulation
- Pumped round the body by the heart
what is homeostasis
maintenance of the body’s internal environment
Renal system function
maintaining blood ph and pressure control
Fluid & electrolytes balance
removal of waste/ drugs
stimulate red blood cell production
needed for calcium absorption
what organ produces urine which is passed down the urinary tract.
Kidney
how many parts does the uriniary tract have ?
name them?
4
kidney
ureter
bladder urethra
where do the kidneys sit? and why
retroperitoneum
lable the picture: kidney/ ureter/ bladder/ urethra
what is the position of the kidneys
right kidney- L1-L3
becuase of the liver pushing down on it
Left kidney T12-L2
name 7 things the protect the kidneys
- retroperitoneum
- vertebral column
- ribs
- skeletal muscles- back/ antero- lateral abdominal wall/ posterior abdominal wall
- rennal deep fascia
- Paranephric (outside) & perinephric fat
- renal capsule
lable this with: Parietal peritoneum/ paraneprhic fat/ renal deep fascia/ perinephric fat/ renal capsule
lable this: artery and vein
lable the internal stucture of the kidney
renal papilla/renal cortex/ renal capsule/ renal medula
what 2 things do kidneys consist of
cortex and medulla
what is this structure and lable it ?
renal corpuscle/ proximal convoluted tubule/ Loop of henle/ distal convoluted tuble/ collecting duct
how is urine drained ?
nephron collecting ducts –> minor calyx –>
major calyx –> renal pevis –> ureter
diamater of the tubes increase until what junction?
pelviureteric junction
what is micturiation
urination via urethra
what smooth muscle contracts during micturitaion
Detrusor muscle
lable the structure:
Ureters /Ureteric orifices/
/Trigone /Neck bladder /Urethra /Apex
name the muscle that encircle ureteric orifices ?
what is the function of it?
detrusor muscle fibres
prevents reflux of urine into the ureters.
internal urethral sphincter function ?
prevents ejaculatory reflux.
only in males.
there are 2 sphinctes in the uerthral name ?
mention which is controllable
internal uerthal sphincter (involuntary)
external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
females are prone to UTI why ?
urethra is shot/ destensible/ opens into the vestibule
Lable this: bladder /urethra/ internal urethral orifice/ external urethral orifice/ external urethral sphincter
name the 3 bilateral arteries that branch of the abdominal aorta?
adrenal arteries
renal arteries
gonaldal arteries
how many segments branch from each renal arter
5 to supply nephrons
what is different about the left renal vein
has to cross the aorta to empty into the IVC
name the 4 veins of the renal system and where the drain?
right renal vein: IVC
right gonadal vein : IVC
left renal vein: IVC but longer to travel to drain
left gonadal vein: drains into the left renal vein
