Locomotion

Question 1

name 4 functions of bone

Answer 1

1. Structural support
2. calcium store
3. haematopoesis
4. protection

Question 2

name 3 functions of joints

Answer 2

1. facilitate movement
2. allow growth
3. stability

Question 3

2 functions of muscles

Answer 3

1. Generate movement
2. Generate heat

Question 4

label the structure

bone marrow / inner medulla/ outer cortex

Answer 4

Question 5

The function of outer bone cortex

Answer 5

dense strong heavey

compact- cortical bone

Question 6

characteristics of inner medulla

Answer 6

porous/ weak/ lighter

spongy

• trabecular/ cancelous

Question 7

bone marrow can produce

Answer 7

red/white blood cells

Question 8

define periosteum

Answer 8

dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bone except for the surface of the joint

Question 9

the periosteum is innervated what is a disadvantage of this?

Answer 9

can cause extreme pain due in times of fractures etc as there are multiple nerves.

Question 10

what do nutrient vessels do?

Answer 10

carry blood to/from medullary cavity

Supply bonemarrow/ spongy bone/ deep compact bone.

Question 11

label the structure:

hyaline

sensory nerve fibre

periosteum

nutrient artery/ vein

lymphatic vessels

Answer 11

Question 12

what cells carry out ossification/ osteogenesis

Answer 12

osteoblast

Question 13

what is endochondral ossification

Answer 13

growing of the hyaline cartilage into bone( ossifies)

for the long bone

Question 14

what are the 3 structures bone has at each END

Answer 14

epiphysis

epiphyseal growth plate

metaphysis

Question 15

where is diaphysis found in the bone

Answer 15

in the middle of the 2 metaphysis

Question 16

bone growth ceases when?

Answer 16

when the growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies.

Question 17

name 5 different types of bone and what they do?

Answer 17

1. Flat bone: protective- sternum/ neurocarnium
2. long bone: tubular- humerus/ femur/ phalanges
3. Irregular bone: weird shape- vertebrae
4. sesamoid bones: within some tendons- ptella
5. shorts bones: cuboidal- carpal/ tarsal

Question 18

name the 4 parts that make up the axial skeleton

Answer 18

skull/ spine / sternum/ ribs

Question 19

name the 4 parts the make up the appendicular skeleton

Answer 19

pectoral girdle/ upper limbs/ pelvic girdle/ lower limbs

Question 20

what is the reason behind the enlargement of vertebrae

Answer 20

they bare more weight

and decrease when weight has been transferred at the hip bone

Question 21

what curvature of the spine is primary and secondary

Answer 21

thoraxic is primary

cervical/ lumbar is secondary

Question 22

what emerges through intervertebral foramen

Answer 22

spinal nerves

Question 23

where does the spinal cord stop

Answer 23

approx- L2

Question 24

at each level pair of spinal nerves arise from the cord and exit the

Answer 24

intervertebral foramina

Question 25

what is the soma?

Answer 25

body wall

Question 26

how are spinal nerves connected with the structures of the soma

Answer 26

via the rami

Question 27

how does the spinal cord attach to the spinal nerves

Answer 27

via roots/ rootlets

Question 28

Cervical vertebrae 1 is known to be called

Answer 28

Atlas

Question 29

what is special about C1 vertebrae

Answer 29

does not have a body or spinous process has an anterior/ posterior arch

Question 30

C2 vertebrae is called

Answer 30

axis

Question 31

C2 vertebrae has

Answer 31

odontoid process projects superiorly from the body

Question 32

what is special about the C7

Answer 32

first palpable spinous process

Question 33

what bones are in the appendicular skeleton in the pectoral girdle

Answer 33

scapulae clavicle

Question 34

what bones are in the appendicular skeleton in the pelvic girdle

Answer 34

hip bones and sacrum

Question 35

label the diagram humerus/ raduis & ulna/ femur/ tibia/ fibia/ carpal/ meta carpal/ phalanges tarsal/ metatarsal/ phalanges

Answer 35

Question 36

name the 3 different types of muscle

Answer 36

cardiac ( striated) smooth (non striated) skeletal (voluntary & striated)

Question 37

skeletal muscle consists of

Answer 37

myofilaments- myofibrils- muscle fiber- muscle fascicle

Question 38

what causes striations in skeletal muscle

Answer 38

overlapping of acting and myosin

Question 39

the longer the skeletal muscle fiber the

Answer 39

greater the potential range of shortening thus greater movement at the joint

Question 40

name a muscle in these skeletal group muscles 1. circular 2. pennate 3. fusiform 4. quadrate 5. flat with aponeurosis

Answer 40

1. orbicularis oculi 2. deltoid 3. biceps 4. rectus abdominus 5. external oblique

Question 41

how many points of attachment are there on bone

Answer 41

2+

Question 42

when do muscles shorten

Answer 42

contraction

Question 43

what is muscle origin & insertion

Answer 43

joint/ the other side

Question 44

role of tendons

Answer 44

attaching muscle to bone

Question 45

label the diagram- skeletal muscle/ deep fascia/ epidermis/ dermis/ superficial fascia

Answer 45

Question 46

label the diagram intermuscular septum/ fibula/ tibia/ super/deep fascia

Answer 46

Question 47

skeletal muscle is from

Answer 47

oral cavity to upper larynx then from lower anal canal downwards

Question 48

function of skeletal muscle

Answer 48

reflexes of coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing & vomiting are all skeletal muscles of the proximal respiratory/alimentary tracts

Question 49

name 3 types/subtypes of joints

Answer 49

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

Question 50

joints compromise on what

Answer 50

increase mobility = decrease stability

Question 51

characteristics of fibrous joints

Answer 51

stable/ limited mobility

Question 52

name the 3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 52

**syndesmoses**- unites bone with fibrous sheet/ partially moveable. **sutures-** bones of the skull- coronal suture **gomphosis-** little movement/ dentoalveolar syndesmosis periodontal ligament

Question 53

name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 53

Primary cartilaginous: synchondrosis bones joined by hyaline cartilage( epiphyseal growth plate) ossiifcation and fusion **Secondary cartilaginous: symphysis** strong/ slightly moveable / fibrocartilage( interbertebral discs)

Question 54

Synovial joints

Answer 54

Question 55

name 3 features of synovial joints

Answer 55

**ligaments**- attach bone to bone thicken to form areas of a capsule **synovial fluid**- produced by synovial membrane to reduce friction/ shock absorber **Articular disco or meniscus**- firbocarilage for joint support/ shock absorber- not in every joint

Question 56

lable the diagram articular cartilage/ synovial membrane/ joint cavity/ articular capsule

Answer 56

Question 57

whta covers the articular surface of the synovial joints

Answer 57

hyaline articular cartilage

Question 58

the capsule the wraps around the joint is

Answer 58

fibrous layer( hard) deeper synovial membrane layer secretes synovial fluid.

Question 59

joint cavity contains what

Answer 59

synovial fluid for- cushions/ lubrication

Question 60

ligarments are for

Answer 60

strenght/ fibrous band