name 4 functions of bone
- Structural support
- calcium store
- haematopoesis
- protection
name 3 functions of joints
- facilitate movement
- allow growth
- stability
2 functions of muscles
- Generate movement
- Generate heat
label the structure
bone marrow / inner medulla/ outer cortex
The function of outer bone cortex
dense strong heavey
compact- cortical bone
characteristics of inner medulla
porous/ weak/ lighter
spongy
- trabecular/ cancelous
bone marrow can produce
red/white blood cells
define periosteum
dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bone except for the surface of the joint
the periosteum is innervated what is a disadvantage of this?
can cause extreme pain due in times of fractures etc as there are multiple nerves.
what do nutrient vessels do?
carry blood to/from medullary cavity
Supply bonemarrow/ spongy bone/ deep compact bone.
label the structure:
hyaline
sensory nerve fibre
periosteum
nutrient artery/ vein
lymphatic vessels
what cells carry out ossification/ osteogenesis
osteoblast
what is endochondral ossification
growing of the hyaline cartilage into bone( ossifies)
for the long bone
what are the 3 structures bone has at each END
epiphysis
epiphyseal growth plate
metaphysis
where is diaphysis found in the bone
in the middle of the 2 metaphysis
bone growth ceases when?
when the growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies.
name 5 different types of bone and what they do?
- Flat bone: protective- sternum/ neurocarnium
- long bone: tubular- humerus/ femur/ phalanges
- Irregular bone: weird shape- vertebrae
- sesamoid bones: within some tendons- ptella
- shorts bones: cuboidal- carpal/ tarsal
name the 4 parts that make up the axial skeleton
skull/ spine / sternum/ ribs
name the 4 parts the make up the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle/ upper limbs/ pelvic girdle/ lower limbs
what is the reason behind the enlargement of vertebrae
they bare more weight
and decrease when weight has been transferred at the hip bone
what curvature of the spine is primary and secondary
thoraxic is primary
cervical/ lumbar is secondary
what emerges through intervertebral foramen
spinal nerves
where does the spinal cord stop
approx- L2
at each level pair of spinal nerves arise from the cord and exit the
intervertebral foramina
what is the soma?
body wall
how are spinal nerves connected with the structures of the soma
via the rami
how does the spinal cord attach to the spinal nerves
via roots/ rootlets
Cervical vertebrae 1 is known to be called
Atlas
what is special about C1 vertebrae
does not have a body or spinous process
has an anterior/ posterior arch
C2 vertebrae is called
axis
C2 vertebrae has
odontoid process
projects superiorly from the body
what is special about the C7
first palpable spinous process
what bones are in the appendicular skeleton in the pectoral girdle
scapulae
clavicle
what bones are in the appendicular skeleton in the pelvic girdle
hip bones and sacrum
label the diagram
humerus/ raduis & ulna/ femur/ tibia/ fibia/
carpal/ meta carpal/ phalanges
tarsal/ metatarsal/ phalanges
name the 3 different types of muscle
cardiac ( striated)
smooth (non striated)
skeletal (voluntary & striated)
skeletal muscle consists of
myofilaments- myofibrils- muscle fiber- muscle fascicle
what causes striations in skeletal muscle
overlapping of acting and myosin
the longer the skeletal muscle fiber the
greater the potential range of shortening
thus greater movement at the joint
name a muscle in these skeletal group muscles
- circular
- pennate
- fusiform
- quadrate
- flat with aponeurosis
- orbicularis oculi
- deltoid
- biceps
- rectus abdominus
- external oblique
how many points of attachment are there on bone
2+
when do muscles shorten
contraction
what is muscle origin & insertion
joint/ the other side
role of tendons
attaching muscle to bone
label the diagram- skeletal muscle/ deep fascia/ epidermis/ dermis/ superficial fascia
label the diagram
intermuscular septum/ fibula/ tibia/ super/deep fascia
skeletal muscle is from
oral cavity to upper larynx then from lower anal canal downwards
function of skeletal muscle
reflexes of coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing & vomiting are all skeletal muscles of the proximal respiratory/alimentary tracts
name 3 types/subtypes of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
joints compromise on what
increase mobility = decrease stability
characteristics of fibrous joints
stable/ limited mobility
name the 3 types of fibrous joints
syndesmoses- unites bone with fibrous sheet/ partially moveable.
sutures- bones of the skull- coronal suture
gomphosis- little movement/ dentoalveolar syndesmosis
periodontal ligament
name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous: synchondrosis
bones joined by hyaline cartilage( epiphyseal growth plate)
ossiifcation and fusion
Secondary cartilaginous: symphysis
strong/ slightly moveable / fibrocartilage( interbertebral discs)
Synovial joints
name 3 features of synovial joints
ligaments- attach bone to bone
thicken to form areas of a capsule
synovial fluid- produced by synovial membrane to reduce friction/ shock absorber
Articular disco or meniscus-
firbocarilage for joint support/ shock absorber- not in every joint
lable the diagram
articular cartilage/ synovial membrane/ joint cavity/ articular capsule
whta covers the articular surface of the synovial joints
hyaline articular cartilage
the capsule the wraps around the joint is
fibrous layer( hard)
deeper synovial membrane layer secretes synovial fluid.
joint cavity contains what
synovial fluid for- cushions/ lubrication
ligarments are for
strenght/ fibrous band
