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Physiology > GastroIntestinal System > Flashcards

GastroIntestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during Cephalic Phase?

A

Digestion begins, Hydrochloric acids from the parietal cells begin to produce, salivary glands begin to produce salivary amylase

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2
Q

What does salivary amylase do? what kind of breakdown is it?

A

break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars such as glucose- chemical break down

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3
Q

What are the glands that secrete saliva?

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular glands

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4
Q

What do Parotid, Sublingual, Submandibular glands produce?

A

salivary amylase and water

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5
Q

What produces mechanical breakdown?

A

teeth to increase surface area of food

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6
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

move the bolus into the oral cavity

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7
Q

Why is water required for further mechanical breakdown?

A

the water moisture helps further breakdown and bring it down in the oral cavity

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8
Q

What is the first thing the bolus passes after the oral cavity?

A

Soft palite

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9
Q

How does the soft palate function with the bolus?

A

it descends to tighten the bolus and then elevates to close off the nasopharynx

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10
Q

After passing the tightened soft palate the bolus continues inferiorly/posteriorly past the closed nasopharynx into what region?

A

oropharynx

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11
Q

What is the path of the bolus past the nasopharynx?

A

oropharynx, then pharynx, and then the esophagus

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12
Q

How does the bolus travel to the esophagus?

A

past the closed epiglottis into the esophagus posterily or else it would go down the larynx anteriorly

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13
Q

What type of cells line the respiratory systems?

A

mucosal cells and goblet cells

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14
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

mucus

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15
Q

What small structures line the respiratory system?

A

cilias

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus and cilias of the respiratory system?

A

the mucus traps pathogens and the cilias moves the mucus up the larynx and then it is then posteriorly moved into the esophagus into the stomach to be destroyed by the hydrochloric acid.

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17
Q

How many layers of smooth muscles does the esophagus contain and what are they?

A

two

longitudinal and circular muscles

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18
Q

what is the function of the two layers of smooth muscles in the esophagus?

A

peristalsis

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19
Q

What is the superior/posterior portion of esophagus surrounded in besides the two layers of smooth muscles?

A

pharyngeal constrictors

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20
Q

What does pharyngeal constrictors do?

A

initiates voluntarily, peristalsis and the two layers of smooth muscles continue the rhythmic contraction to pass the bolus inferiorly

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21
Q

What type of cells line the esophagus?

A

goblet cells that produce mucus for smooth lining for bolus

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22
Q

What does the bolus pass before the stomach in the esophagus?

A

cardiac sphincter

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23
Q

At what level is the cardiac sphincter located?

A

the level of the diaphragm also known as the esophogeal hiatus T10

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24
Q

What is it called the cardiac sphincter?

A

Because the heart is located right by the esophagus in that inferior location

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25
Q

What is area just inferior to the cardiac sphincter in the stomach called?

A

cardia

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26
Q

what is the superior portion of the stomach called?

A

fundus

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27
Q

What is the main portion in the middle of the stomach called?

A

body of the stomach

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28
Q

What is the most inferior part of the stomach called?

A

pylorus

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29
Q

What is inferior exiting portion of the stomach entering the intestines called?

A

phyloric sphincter

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30
Q

What is the larger lateral border of the stomach called? what is attached to it and what is attached to that?

A

Greater curvature with greater omentum connecting the stomach to the transverse colon

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31
Q

What is the smaller medial border of the stomach called? what is attached to it?

A

Lesser curvature with a Lesser omentum

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32
Q

What does the phyloric sphincter divide?

A

Pylorus of the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

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33
Q

What is present just posterior to the stomach?

A

pancreas

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34
Q

The pancreas projects to the upper left quadrant and attaches to what organ?

A

spleen

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35
Q

What are the two blood vessels coming off the spleen and what do they look like?

A

splenic artery and splenic vein

they are torturous in nature and looks wavy

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36
Q

What is the splenic artery and vein imbedded into?

A

the pancreas

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37
Q

The presence of bolus in the stomach stimulates what release?

A

release of hormones called gastrin

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38
Q

Where is gastrin produced?

A

from G cells

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39
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

spleen

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40
Q

What does Gastin stimulate parietal cells and chief cells to release?

A

parietal cells to release hydrochloric acid

chief cells to release pepsinogen. Low ph causes pepsinogen to turn into pepsin.

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41
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

breaks down peptide bonds for chemical digestion of proteins

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42
Q

What does HCl do?

A

denatures proteins for mechanical digestion of proteins

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43
Q

Why do red blood cells die?

A

They have a shelf life, bc the nucleus dissolves as the cells mature, since the oxygen oxidizes the hemogloben.

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44
Q

What is the relationship between the spleen and red blood cell?

A

the spleen collects and breaks down matured and nucleous free rbcs

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45
Q

When bolus combines with HCl and other digestive enzymes to form what?

A

Chyme

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46
Q

What is the byproduct of RBC degradation in the spleen called?

A

bilirubin

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47
Q

What is high levels of bilirubin called?

A

jaundice

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48
Q

What is the main function of the liver with relations to the spleen?

A

liver filters the toxins in the blood as it takes the bilirubin from the blood stream made as byproduct from the spleen

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49
Q

If someone lose the spleen or loses function of the spleen what occurs?

A

The spleens function can be taken over by the liver. Making it overwork and it will lead to disfunction of the liver overtime and it will also enlarge the liver

50
Q

What cells is found in the entire GI tract and why?

A

Goblet cells to produce mucous. This will protect the GI tract from being degraded and denatured from the high levels of acid

51
Q

What is a capillary?

A

smallest vessels

52
Q

What is a continuous capillary?

A

capillaries that has the smallest pores which only allows for small molecules to pass. such as oxygen co2 and small nutrients to exchange

53
Q

What is fenestrated capillaries? and where can they be found?

A

have larger pores than continuous capillaries which allows for larger molecules to pass. found in the kidneys.

54
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries? and where are they found?

A

have the largest pores allowing for the most molecules to pass through. Found in the liver and spleen to allow large RBC to pass through both organs. This allows for more pathogens to be filtered out.

55
Q

What does denaturing of protein mean?

A

mechanically uncoils the proteins to reveal the peptide bonds of the proteins.

56
Q

When does pepsinogen get activated?

A

in the presence of low pH (lower than 7)

57
Q

Pepsinogen turns into pepsin to do what?

A

cleave the peptide bonds in the protein to break the protein down into amino acids

58
Q

How many layers of smooth muscles does the stomach have? and what are they?

A

Three, longitudinal, circular, and oblique

59
Q

What is the purpose of the three layers in the stomach?

A

allows for churning for mechanical digestion

60
Q

What is the folds found in the stomach called and what is the function?

A

rugae, allows for stomach expansion

61
Q

What hormones comes from the small intestines? and their functions?

A

CCK- promotes action of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Liver will produce bile

62
Q

What is bile?

A

emulsifier of fat/lipids , produces in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. emulsification is mechanical digestion to increase surface area.

63
Q

How many lobes does the liver have and what are they called?

A 
4.
Right
Left
caudate
quadrate
64
Q

What ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

65
Q

What is the ligamentum teres hepatis?

A

thickened distal and inferior continuation of the falciform ligament which was a remnant of the umbilical vein.

66
Q

After chyme is produced in the stomach where does it enter?

A

the duodenum of the small intestines

67
Q

The presence of chyme in the duodenum causes what to happen?

A

stimulates the release of cholecystokinin CCK and Secretin

68
Q

What does CCK stimulate?

A

the liver to produce bile as well as the gallbladder to contract to release bile

69
Q

Where is bile produced in the liver?

A

from liver’s endogenous cholesterol in its lobes

70
Q

What tubing does bile drain into?

A

bile drains into the right and left hepatic duct into the common hepatic duct

71
Q

What tubing does the bile enter the gallbladder for storage?

A

cystic duct

72
Q

What drains into the common bile duct?

A

cystic duct and common hepatic duct

73
Q

What does the bile that flowed from cystic duct and common hepatic duct into the common bile duct empty into? and through what opening?

A

bile goes into the Sphincter of Oddi through the foramen of Vader to drain in the duodenum.

74
Q

CCK will stimulate the pancreas to do what?

A

release enzymes: proteases (proteins), lipases (lipids), amylases and nucleases.

75
Q

Where does the pancreatic enzymes drain into? then the trail to end up in the small intestines

A

minor pancreatic ducts, then into the major pancreatic duct, then to the sphincter of Oddi through the Foramen of Vader into the duodenum.

76
Q

Majority of the chemical digestion occurs where?

A

in the duodenum of the small intestines

77
Q

What will neutralize the HCl and deactivate pepsin in the duodenum?

A

Bicarbinate HCo3

78
Q

Where is HCo3 or bicarbinate produced from?

A

Secretin stimulates the pancreas to create HCo3

79
Q

What is digestive damage of the stomach called?

A

gastic ulcer

80
Q

What is digestive damage to the duodenum called?

A

peptic ulcer

81
Q

Chyme after passing through duodenum goes through the middle of the small intestine known as what?

A

Jejunum

82
Q

What is the main function of the jejunum?

A

to absorb nutrients except for lipids

83
Q

Where is the lipids not absorbed by jejunum absorbed by?

A

lymphatic system

84
Q

The absorbed nutrients from the jejunum goes where?

A

passes into the venous system and make their way to the hepatic portal vein for detoxification by the liver.

85
Q

In the small intestine where is the rest of the nutrients get absorbed?

A

in the final part of the small intestines called ileum

86
Q

What are the finger-like projections in ileum and jejunum called and what is further on those projections?

A

villi with micro-villi on those villi

87
Q

What is the purpose of the micro-villi and villli in ileum and jejunum?

A

increase the surface area to absorb nutreints

88
Q

At the end of the cecum what attachment is found?

A

appendix in the lower right quadrant

89
Q

How does the chyme travel in the large intestines?

A

ascending, transverse, and descending colon then approaches the sigmoid colon

90
Q

What is the storage container past the sigmoid colon called?

A

rectum

91
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

reabsorb water in chyme

92
Q

What local flora and fauna is located in the large intestines?

A

safe e. coli and other like them

93
Q

What do the flora and fauna do in the large intestines?

A

they feed on the almost fecal matter, they produce absorbable B12, vitamin K, thiamine, and riboflavin.

94
Q

What does vitamin K do?

A

its a clotting factor

95
Q

Where is feces beings stored?

A

rectum

96
Q

What lines the wall of the rectum?

A

stretch receptors to sense when the sac is filled.

97
Q

What is the autonomic response to rectal filling?

A

releases the internal anal sphincter

98
Q

How is the external anal sphincter mediated?

A

voluntarily mediated

99
Q

What further reinforces the external anal sphincter?

A

levator ani muscle

100
Q

The round ligament known as ligamentum teres hepatis blend into what other structure? *its not an actual ligament but it’s called a ligament.

A

hepato-duodenal ligament

101
Q

what does the hepato-duodenal ligament house?

A

hepatic artery proper
common bile duct
hepatic portal vein

102
Q

In utero where does the umbilical vein drain directly into?

A

directly into the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosum

103
Q

What does the umbilical(ductus venosum) vein bypass?

A

hepatic portal vein of the liver

104
Q

After the first few weeks of life after pregnancy, the ductus venosus closes as what structure?

A

fibrous ligamentum venosum

105
Q

All the veins of the GI tract and Alimentary canal drain into what?

A

hepatic portal vein

106
Q

What does the GI tract vein drain, hepatic portal vein, include?

A

superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins

107
Q

GI deoxygenated blood needs to be detoxed. How are the GI tract drained blood through hepatic portal veins detoxed?

A

By the liver before returning to systemic circulation via inferior vena cava.

108
Q

How are caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver oriented?

A

in between the left and right lobe.
quadrate is found anteriorly
caudate is found posteriorly

109
Q

In between the quadrate and caudate lobe of the liver is what?

A

a fissure known as the porta hepatis

110
Q

What is found in the porta hepatis?

A

hepiliary triad: hepatic portal vein, common hepatic duct, and hepatic artery proper

111
Q

How can you categorize the two types of function that pancreas has?

A

endocrine and exocrine

112
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

local transport of hormone in the ductus system all into the duodenum.

113
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

ductless system where hormone is entered through the bloodstream for a systemic effect

114
Q

What hormones does pancreas release as a

A

Insulin and glucagon

115
Q

What does insulin do?

A

increase absorption of sugar or carbohydrates so they are stored in adipose tissues

116
Q

What are glucagon?

A

They work antagonistically with insulin, it stimulates the liver to release glycogen, used as fast energy source.

117
Q

Within the Microvilli is another structure, what is it? what is it’s function?

A

lacteal and they absorb fatty acids

118
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system? and what do they do with the absorbed nutrients?

A

immune system. they check for pathogens in nutrients.

119
Q

What is the palpable region where appendix is located?

A

McBernie’s Point

120
Q

What component is important for movement of feces in the large intestines?

A

fibers

121
Q

What is fiber?

A

cellulose of vegetables that doesn’t break down in human digestions.

Physiology (6 decks)

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