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PATHO > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of GI disfunctions

A 
Nausea and Vomiting
diarrhea
heartburn
abdominal pain
constipation
fecal 
anorexia
dysphasia
achalasia
GI bleeding
GI incontinence
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2
Q

what are 2 special features of the stomach?

A

rugae

layers of muscle (longitudinal, circular & oblique)

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3
Q

Where does the majority of the digestion/absorptions take place in the GI track?

A

Small Intestines

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4
Q

what is being added in the stomach?

A

enzymes

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5
Q

what type of digestion takes place in the stomach

A

Mechanical- twisting of muscle

Chemical- Hydrochloric acid/mucus (goblet cells)/ enzymes

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6
Q

Where does the majority of the digestion/absorptions take place in the GI track?

A

Small Intestine

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7
Q

Three types of muscle in the GI tract

A

Oblique, longitudinal, circular

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8
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors that can irritate the stomach?

A

smoking
drinking
NSAIDS
stress

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9
Q

What are some un-modifiable risk factors that can irritate the stomach

A 
autoimmune conditions
h. pylori ** MOST COMMON
trauma
infection
burns
stress
surgery
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10
Q

Gastritis

A

inflammation of a mucosal layer of the stomach

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11
Q

acute vs chronic gastritis

A

acute- almost overnight (mild to sever)
-feels like nausea and gastric pain
chronic-can take years to develop (smoking and drinking over the years can be mild or moderate)

severe can lead to GI bleeding

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12
Q

signs and symptoms of gastritis

A 
indigestion
heartburn
epigastric pain
nausea
vomiting
anorexia
malase
hematemesis (blood in puke)
occult blood (blood in your poop)
fever
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13
Q

how is gastritis diagnosed?

A

x ray, blood test, history, EGD, stool sample, tests for h. pylori,

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14
Q

how is gastritis treated

A

antacids
acid reducing acids (reduce production of acid)
avoid triggers (smoking drinking)
small frequent meals

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15
Q

TA role in gastritis

A
  • encourage to take meds
  • meal planning
  • stress management
  • encourage activity as tolerated
  • monitor vital signs
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16
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

break in the mucosal lining

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17
Q

what areas of the GI tract are affected by peptic ulcer disease?

A

submucosal layer

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18
Q

erosion vs. ulceration

A

Erosion is a lesion that damages the mucosal layer

ulceration is when damage goes down into the submucosal l

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19
Q

what is the main risk factor for most ulcers

A

H. pylori

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20
Q

2 ways stress may contribute to peptic ulcers

A

physiological stress- burns or surgery

psyological stress- bad coping

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21
Q

what factors may be considered “ protective” for peptic ulcer disease?

A

eat lots of fruits and veggies

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22
Q

What are signs and symptoms in a client with peptic ulcer disease

A

gastric ulcer -increased pain with eating
Duodenum ulcer- decreased when eating
pain with pressure

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23
Q

4 goals of treatment for an ulcer

A
  1. Relief of pain, antibiotics
  2. Promotions of healing, antacid, H2 blocker, PPI, Proton, pump inhibitor
  3. Preventions of bleeding to death, obstructions,
  4. Preventions of recurrence, avoid coffee, exercise 3 times a week, don’t add over the counter medications with a prescriptions
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24
Q

greatest age at risk

A

60

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25
Q

Bleeding signs of an ulcer

A

pale, fatigue, brown blood in puke, Black blood in there poop

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26
Q

When is surgery necessary

A

to control bleeding

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27
Q

How do you diagnose peptic ulcer

A

xray, gastroscopy, H.pylori test

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28
Q

4 Layers of the digestive system

A

mucosal layer
submucosal layer
Muscle layer, Circular muscle that squeezes and longitudinal that moves stuff along
Serousa- Visceral layer, a covering

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29
Q

Large intestines roll

A

absorbs water
makes feces
added mucus
bacterial break down

30
Q

Small intestines

A

absorptions of nutrient

31
Q

What is the difference between the small and large intestine

A

Small intestine has villi and Large intestine does not
all absorptions happens in the small intestine
Large intestine just takes that waste and makes poop

32
Q

What is the difference between internal and external schincter

A

internal in involuntary

external is voluntary

33
Q

What keeps your intestines contained

A

peritoneum

34
Q

3 reasons to have obstructive hernia

A

organic disease-illness or organisms
mechanical - defect or surgery
functional - spinal cord injury, electrical embalance

35
Q

Hernia

A

protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue through a weakness in a structure

36
Q

Five areas prone to hernias

A

…

37
Q

the most common type of hernia?

A

inguinal

38
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of a hernia?

A

pain,bump

pain made worse by change in position, bowel movement and heavy lifting

39
Q

what is the greatest risk related to herniation?

A

strangulation**

40
Q

how is a hernia diagnosed?

A

history, physical exam, x ray

41
Q

how is a hernia treated?

A

watchful waiting

surgery (mesh, match up edges and sew)

42
Q

describe the life of an intestinal cell

A

They pass though the tract and are sloughed off then pooped (about every 5 days)

43
Q

function of the small intestine

A

absorb nutrients

add digestive enzymes

44
Q

function of the large intestine

A

add bacteria to breakdown stuff, remove water

45
Q

what is the outcome when there is inflammation and the villi cannot function properly?

A

cannot absorb nutrients and goes to the large intestine where is gets pooped out. also not creating mucus

46
Q

haustra.

are they normal?

A

the grooves or pockets on the intestines. they are normal . they help move the stool along

although if there is enough inflammation you can loose the tone

47
Q

name 2 conditions that fall under the umbrella of IBD

A

chrons disease

ulcerated cholitis

48
Q

skip lesions

A

areas of inflamed irritated bowel with areas of normal bowel inbetween

49
Q

how is IBD diagnosed

A

history

physical exam

50
Q

diagnosis of exclusion

A

exclude symptoms until they figure out what it is.

  • MRI
  • X-ray
  • Barium study
  • endoscopy
  • stool sample
  • blood tests
  • biposy
51
Q

why is surgery a part of a treatment plan for IBD ( 3 reasons)

A
  • ostomy formation and or bowel resection
  • for complications (fistula or abscess)
  • go in and remove an obstruction
52
Q

what is a flare up?

describe the symptoms

A

the inflammatory phase of crohns or ulcerated colitis (mild to fulminant)

  • inflammation = fever
  • malaise
  • weight loss (not getting needed nutrients)
  • diarrhea
  • cramping
  • pain
53
Q

4 treatments for IBD

A 
medications for symptoms
     -anti inflammatories
     -anti diahreals (anti shits)
     -anti spasmatics 
medications for disease
diet and nutrition
ongoing monitoring
     -monitor for cancer
     -monitor for irritants and triggers
54
Q

OPTA role for IBD

A 
journals
     -food
     -bathroom
encourage self monitoring
help promote positive coping
- positive body image
monitor hydration
monitor for abscesses and fistulas 
asses for joint pain
55
Q

how are join pain/ arthritis related to IBD

A

about 1/4 they get arthritis.

idiopathic- maybe because they are both inflammatory problems

56
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

a collection of symptoms to say that the bowel is irritated

57
Q

What is IBS?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine

58
Q

IBD vs IBS

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

inflammatory bowel disease

59
Q

cause vs. trigger

A

Cause- created a change or makes something happen

trigger- stimulus that creates a response (certain foods, stress)

60
Q

common triggers

A

certain foods or chemicals, certain emotion(stress or depression), fatigue, smoking, alcohol,high fat and high fiber foods.

61
Q

5 common symptoms of IBS?

A
  1. pain
  2. diarrhea
  3. constipation
  4. abdominal cramps
  5. bloating
62
Q

why is there no diagnostic test for IBS? how is it diagnosed?

A

you need to meet certain criteria

- certain symptoms for a certain amount of time (3 months)

63
Q

describe 3 techniques to manage IBS

A
  • manage mental health (stress)
  • lifestyle changes
  • managing medications
64
Q

OPTA role wit IBS

A

reinforce lifestyle changes
promote stress management
promote exercise

65
Q

Crohns disease

A

anywhere in the digestive tract (gum to bum)
inflammation
commonly in the small intestine
the whole tube is inflamed (translumenal -all 3 layers)

66
Q

ulcerated cholitis

A

inflammation of the colon (just the mucosal layer)

67
Q

fistula

A

an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs.

68
Q

fissures

A

small tear in the thin, moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus.

69
Q

absess

A

a collection of pus

70
Q

diverticulosis

use the terms mucosa, sub mucosa, herniate, muscular layer, colon, outpouching

A

the muscle wall weakens and everything follows, creating a pouch

71
Q

diverticulosis vs diverticulitis

A

.

72
Q

4 factors that contribute to diverticulitis

A

.

PATHO (12 decks)

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