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PATHO > Renal and Urologic Systems > Flashcards

Renal and Urologic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is ureters

A

muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder using peristalsis
25cm long males
3-4cm long females

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2
Q

capacity of the bladder

A

800-1000ml

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3
Q

Another term for urination

A

micturition

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4
Q

why is trigone significant

A

common site of infections

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5
Q

What are some common changes in the bladder related to aging?

A
  • the ability for your bladder to stretch is less and the ability to hold as much urine goes down
  • plus your muscle become weaker
  • Nerves may change because of strokes
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6
Q

What should urine look like

A

pale yellow to amber yellow

Urine shouldn’t smell or if it does it should be a mild odor

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7
Q

What are the names for infections in the Bladder

A

cystitis

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8
Q

What are the names for infections in the urethra

A

urethritis

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9
Q

What are the names for infections in the kidney

A

pyelonephritis

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10
Q

Upper tract consist of

A

Kindneys and Ureter

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11
Q

Lower tract consist of

A

Bladder or urethra

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12
Q

UTI are the second most common infection

A

True

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13
Q

Why are UTI more common in women

A

because their urethra are smaller, easier for infections to ascend
sitting to urinate
close to vagina and the rectum
intercourse

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14
Q

What are common risk for a UTI

A

not going to the bathroom frequently or not urinating after intercourse
age
women
being immobile
less ability to provide self-care
pregnancy
Obstructions- kidney stones/large prostate

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15
Q

List Preventions for UTI

A 
urinate after intercourse
drink lots of fluids 
mobility 
proper self-care - front to back 
Change sanitize pads often
avoid indwelling catheterization
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16
Q

What are signs and symptoms of UTI

A 
confusion
sweating
malaise (fever, fatigue)
urgency 
dysuria-painful
cloudy urination ( white blood cells )
foul smelling urine due to bacteria growth
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17
Q

How are the contents of urine tested

A

spot test or single test - use stripes- morning testing

24-hour urine test

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18
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

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19
Q

What can an OPTA do to help

A

encourage clients to finish their prescription

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20
Q

What should not be in your urine

A 
blood
glucose
hemoglobin
bile pigment
albumin 
ketones
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21
Q

How do you test for UTI

A

History, physical, urine analysis, urine cultures, cystoscopy, x rays, CT, MRI and blood work

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22
Q

How is a UTI treated?

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

What can OPTA do to help?

A

monitor signs for infections
and referred pain ( back and shoulder pain)
Changes of mental status and anorexia in older patient s

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24
Q

What is the basic function of a nephron

A

the main filtration system

1million

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25
Q

What is urine and what is it made of

A

dissolved solids and mostly water 95%

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26
Q

How much blood does your kidneys filter every day

A

180 L

27
Q

How much urine do the kidneys make each day

A

1-2L

28
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate - how fast your body process blood through you kidneys
125ml minute

29
Q

Age related changes to kidneys

A

nephrons decline
decreased circulation
chronic conditions go up
people with diabetes and chronic hypertension aka high blood pressure have kidney problems

30
Q

polyuria

A

producing to much urine 2.5-3L at risk for dehydration

31
Q

Oliguria

A

1.5L not enough urine

32
Q

Kidney …. does

A 
fluid balance and blood pressure 
Urine formation 
help make vitamin D 
Manages PH in the body 
Makes hormones ( erythropoietine.... makes red blood cells)
33
Q

Kidney major functions

A

fitrations-
Reabsorption-
secretion

34
Q

Most common kidney stones

A

calcium

35
Q

Nephrolithiasis form because

A

urine is too acidic
too much salt
Oliguria when you dont urinate enough

36
Q

Risk for Nephrolithiasis

A

Diet (salt diet)
obesity
hypertension ( high blood pressure)
family history

37
Q

kidney stone appearance

A

smooth or jagged

yellow-brown

38
Q

Signs and Symptoms for Nephrolithiasis

A

Pain in the back (flank pain) may radiate to groin or abdomen
inflammation
obstructive urine flow
dysuria ( pain when urinations)
Infections ( bloody or cloudy urine, fever, nausea/vomiting)

39
Q

Three main places for kidney stones get stuck alot

A

renal pelvis
ureter
uretovesicular junctions ( ureter meets the bladder)

40
Q

How are kidney stones diagnosed

A 
history
physical
urine test
anurine (no urination) 
xray, CT, Ultra Sound 
intervenes pyelogram
41
Q

How do you get rid of Kidney stones 5 ways

A 
pass them
shock wave lithotripsy 
percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( take out through skin) 
uteroscopy ( pull down the urethra)
Surgery
42
Q

collecting ducts join together to make ….

A

calyx

43
Q

calyx join together to make

A

renal pelvis

44
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

processive nephron loss

45
Q

Chronic kidney disease causes

A

diabetes
hypertension -high blood pressure
glomerulonephritis

46
Q

Clinical indicators of CKD

A

GFR goes up

Glomerul filtration rate

47
Q

CKD Diagnosd

A 
urine test
history
physical exam
renal ultra sound 
blood test
biopsy of kidneys
48
Q

Progression of CKD

A
  1. higher then normal GFR over 60
  2. 60-89
    3.30-59
    4.15-29
  3. end stage renal disease less than 15
    need dialysis
49
Q

Nephrons get damage there for less blood is being filtered

A

True

50
Q

urea filtered from kidneys which is ….

A

nitrogen

51
Q

Azotemia is a fancy way of saying

A

high levels of nitrogen

52
Q

Uremia

A

1

53
Q

When a client has high Uremia they will feel

ask to much nitrogen

A 
nausea 
weakness
anorexia
muscle atrophy
fatigue 
vomiting
54
Q

What are five major processes that take place in the kidneys are disrupted by CKF

A
  1. urine formation
  2. fluid balance and blood pressure balance
  3. stimulate red blood cell productions
  4. determine mineral and electrolyte balance
  5. PH balance
55
Q

what kind of things will you see with kidney failure in a client

A 
cognitive functions impacted
itchy 
fluid balance
heart failure 
edema
anemia- issue with blood clotting
muscle loss
bone density loss
imbalance in ph - rapid shallow breathing 
nausea
decrease appetite 
fatigue
56
Q

Goal of treatment

A

Stop cause

57
Q

3 interventions

A
  1. underlying cause to stop losing nephrons
  2. diet and nutritious
  3. medications to manage symptoms
58
Q

ESRD???

A

End Stage renal Disease

59
Q

how is End stage renal disease treated

A

dialysis
kidney transplant
hemodialysis
peritoneal

60
Q

how is End stage renal disease treated

A

dialysis ( Hemodialysis and Peritoneal)

kidney transplant

61
Q

Hemodialysis

A

4 hours 3x weekly

usually in hospital

62
Q

Peritoneal

A

30minutes 4x daily or at night

63
Q

signs and symptoms in clients on dialysis

A

encourage life style changes
look for infection
encourage exercises
vital sign changes

PATHO (12 decks)

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