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PATHO > Renal and Urologic Systems > Flashcards

Renal and Urologic Systems Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

what is ureters

A

muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder using peristalsis
25cm long males
3-4cm long females

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2
Q

capacity of the bladder

A

800-1000ml

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3
Q

Another term for urination

A

micturition

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4
Q

why is trigone significant

A

common site of infections

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5
Q

What are some common changes in the bladder related to aging?

A
  • the ability for your bladder to stretch is less and the ability to hold as much urine goes down
  • plus your muscle become weaker
  • Nerves may change because of strokes
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6
Q

What should urine look like

A

pale yellow to amber yellow

Urine shouldn’t smell or if it does it should be a mild odor

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7
Q

What are the names for infections in the Bladder

A

cystitis

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8
Q

What are the names for infections in the urethra

A

urethritis

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9
Q

What are the names for infections in the kidney

A

pyelonephritis

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10
Q

Upper tract consist of

A

Kindneys and Ureter

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11
Q

Lower tract consist of

A

Bladder or urethra

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12
Q

UTI are the second most common infection

A

True

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13
Q

Why are UTI more common in women

A

because their urethra are smaller, easier for infections to ascend
sitting to urinate
close to vagina and the rectum
intercourse

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14
Q

What are common risk for a UTI

A

not going to the bathroom frequently or not urinating after intercourse
age
women
being immobile
less ability to provide self-care
pregnancy
Obstructions- kidney stones/large prostate

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15
Q

List Preventions for UTI

A 
urinate after intercourse
drink lots of fluids 
mobility 
proper self-care - front to back 
Change sanitize pads often
avoid indwelling catheterization
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16
Q

What are signs and symptoms of UTI

A 
confusion
sweating
malaise (fever, fatigue)
urgency 
dysuria-painful
cloudy urination ( white blood cells )
foul smelling urine due to bacteria growth
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17
Q

How are the contents of urine tested

A

spot test or single test - use stripes- morning testing

24-hour urine test

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18
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

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19
Q

What can an OPTA do to help

A

encourage clients to finish their prescription

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20
Q

What should not be in your urine

A 
blood
glucose
hemoglobin
bile pigment
albumin 
ketones
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21
Q

How do you test for UTI

A

History, physical, urine analysis, urine cultures, cystoscopy, x rays, CT, MRI and blood work

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22
Q

How is a UTI treated?

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

What can OPTA do to help?

A

monitor signs for infections
and referred pain ( back and shoulder pain)
Changes of mental status and anorexia in older patient s

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24
Q

What is the basic function of a nephron

A

the main filtration system

1million

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25
What is urine and what is it made of
dissolved solids and mostly water 95%
26
How much blood does your kidneys filter every day
180 L
27
How much urine do the kidneys make each day
1-2L
28
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate - how fast your body process blood through you kidneys 125ml minute
29
Age related changes to kidneys
nephrons decline decreased circulation chronic conditions go up people with diabetes and chronic hypertension aka high blood pressure have kidney problems
30
polyuria
producing to much urine 2.5-3L at risk for dehydration
31
Oliguria
1.5L not enough urine
32
Kidney .... does
``` fluid balance and blood pressure Urine formation help make vitamin D Manages PH in the body Makes hormones ( erythropoietine.... makes red blood cells) ```
33
Kidney major functions
fitrations- Reabsorption- secretion
34
Most common kidney stones
calcium
35
Nephrolithiasis form because
urine is too acidic too much salt Oliguria when you dont urinate enough
36
Risk for Nephrolithiasis
Diet (salt diet) obesity hypertension ( high blood pressure) family history
37
kidney stone appearance
smooth or jagged | yellow-brown
38
Signs and Symptoms for Nephrolithiasis
Pain in the back (flank pain) may radiate to groin or abdomen inflammation obstructive urine flow dysuria ( pain when urinations) Infections ( bloody or cloudy urine, fever, nausea/vomiting)
39
Three main places for kidney stones get stuck alot
renal pelvis ureter uretovesicular junctions ( ureter meets the bladder)
40
How are kidney stones diagnosed
``` history physical urine test anurine (no urination) xray, CT, Ultra Sound intervenes pyelogram ```
41
How do you get rid of Kidney stones 5 ways
``` pass them shock wave lithotripsy percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( take out through skin) uteroscopy ( pull down the urethra) Surgery ```
42
collecting ducts join together to make ....
calyx
43
calyx join together to make
renal pelvis
44
Chronic kidney disease
processive nephron loss
45
Chronic kidney disease causes
diabetes hypertension -high blood pressure glomerulonephritis
46
Clinical indicators of CKD
GFR goes up | Glomerul filtration rate
47
CKD Diagnosd
``` urine test history physical exam renal ultra sound blood test biopsy of kidneys ```
48
Progression of CKD
1. higher then normal GFR over 60 2. 60-89 3.30-59 4.15-29 5. end stage renal disease less than 15 need dialysis
49
Nephrons get damage there for less blood is being filtered
True
50
urea filtered from kidneys which is ....
nitrogen
51
Azotemia is a fancy way of saying
high levels of nitrogen
52
Uremia
1
53
When a client has high Uremia they will feel | ask to much nitrogen
``` nausea weakness anorexia muscle atrophy fatigue vomiting ```
54
What are five major processes that take place in the kidneys are disrupted by CKF
1. urine formation 2. fluid balance and blood pressure balance 3. stimulate red blood cell productions 4. determine mineral and electrolyte balance 5. PH balance
55
what kind of things will you see with kidney failure in a client
``` cognitive functions impacted itchy fluid balance heart failure edema anemia- issue with blood clotting muscle loss bone density loss imbalance in ph - rapid shallow breathing nausea decrease appetite fatigue ```
56
Goal of treatment
Stop cause
57
3 interventions
1. underlying cause to stop losing nephrons 2. diet and nutritious 3. medications to manage symptoms
58
ESRD???
End Stage renal Disease
59
how is End stage renal disease treated
dialysis kidney transplant hemodialysis peritoneal
60
how is End stage renal disease treated
dialysis ( Hemodialysis and Peritoneal) | kidney transplant
61
Hemodialysis
4 hours 3x weekly | usually in hospital
62
Peritoneal
30minutes 4x daily or at night
63
signs and symptoms in clients on dialysis
encourage life style changes look for infection encourage exercises vital sign changes

PATHO (12 decks)

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