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Gen med Flashcards

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1
Q

what do the centracinar cells of the exocrine pancreas secrete? And what is the signal for this cell to secrete it?

A

Secrete bicarbonate ions

Signal = secretin

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2
Q

What do the basophilic cells of the exocrine pancreas secrete?
What is the signal?

A

Digestive Enzymes

CCK

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3
Q

What proteases does the pancreas secrete?

A

trysinogen, chymotripsonogen, lipase, amylase

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4
Q

What enzyme activates trypsinogen

A

enteropeptidase

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5
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome

A

Aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma

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6
Q

2 main features of hyperaldosteronism

A

Hypertension, Hypokalemia

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7
Q

Best means of differentiating between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

ARR: aldosterone to renin ratio

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8
Q

Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

A 
Osler's nodes
Splinter haemorrhages
Janeway lesions
Clubbing
New or changing murmurs
Arthralgia
Roth spots
Conjunctival haemorrhages
Splenomegaly
Cerebral emboli
Mycotic aneurysm, and
Haematuria
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9
Q

Side Effects of Amiodarone

A

Arrythmias - torsades de pointes, QT prolongation, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary fibrosis, photosensitivity, neuropathy, hyperthyroidism

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10
Q

Amiodarone mechanism of action

A

potassium channel blocker, it prolongs cardiac action potential duration. It also prolongs the effective refractory period. As well as potassium, it also blocks sodium and calcium channels hence slows phases 0 and 3 and blocks alpha and beta adrenoceptors.

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11
Q

Felty’s Syndrome

A

arthritis, splenomegaly, neutropenia

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12
Q

Tietze Syndrome

A

Tietze syndrome is a rare, inflammatory disorder characterized by chest pain and swelling of the cartilage of one or more of the upper ribs (costochondral junction).

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13
Q

blindness resulting from parietal lobe tumour

A

inferior homonymous hemianopia

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14
Q

Bilateral occipital lobe infarction

A

cortical blindess

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15
Q

Medical treatment for LUTS in men

A

alpha1 adrenergic blocker

Tamsulosin: uroselective

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16
Q

Kerh’s Sign

A

Refers to shoulder tip pain that occurs due to blood in the peritoneal cavity that is irritating the diaphragm

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17
Q

causes of tender hepatomegaly

A

hepatitis

Factors which cause rapid enlargement: Right heart failure, Budd-Chiari Syndrome, Hepatoma

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18
Q

Reidel’s Lobe

A

projection of the liver from the inferior surface of the right lobe, normal anatomical variant

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19
Q

Pulsatile liver causes

A

Most common cause is tricuspid incompetence
Neoplasms: HCC, haemangioma, haemangiosarcoma
AVMs

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20
Q

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

A

Occlusion of the hepatic veins

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21
Q

3 drugs that cause gingival hypertrophy

A

Nifedipine, Ciclosporin, Phenytoin

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22
Q

BeriBeri

A

Deficiency in Thiamine (vitamin B1)

CHF, Peripheral Neuritis, Psychic Disturbances

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23
Q

Pellagra

A

Lack of NIacin (vitamin B2)
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia

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24
Q

Inherited form of zinc deficiency

A 
acrodermatitis enteropathica
- skin changes
alopecia
diarrhoea
weight loss
emotional disorder
increased infections
can be fatal
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25
Adult Onset Still's Disease
rare systemic inflammatory disease characterised by the classic triad of persistent high spiking fevers, joint pain and a distinctive salmon coloured bumpy rash
26
severe abdominal pain + abnormal illness behaviour + ‘red' urine
Acute intermittent porphyria
27
Bactrim
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole | antifolate drug
28
what cells does carcinoid tumour arise from
enterochromaffin cells
29
What do carcinoid tumours secrete
excessive serotonin (5HT)
30
Test for carcinoid syndrome
24 hour urine levels of 5-HIAA
31
Charles Bonnet Syndrome
Complex visual hallucinations in a person with partial or severe blindness
32
Ludwig's Angina
potentially life threatening cellulitis or connective tissue infection of the floor of the mouth, usually occurring in adults with concomitant dental infections and if left untreated, may obstruct the airways, necessitating tracheotomy
33
as what is carbon dioxidde primarily transported as in the blood?
bicarbonate
34
treatment for motion sickness
cyclizine
35
tapping apex beat
mitral stenosis
36
non infective endocarditis
Libman-Sacks syndrome
37
Howel-Evan syndrome
extremely rare condition involving thickening of the skin in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet associated with high lifetime risk of oesophageal cancer
38
What type of cancer is associated with Barret's oesophagus
adenocarcinoma
39
Diffuse oesophageal spasm on barium xray
corkscrew pattern
40
Achalasia on barium xray
Birds beak appearance
41
Risk factors for testicular cancer
cryptorchidism, family history, age 20-40, Klinefelter's, HIV
42
Investigations for testicular tumour
Testicular ultrasound tumour markers: BHCG, AFP Radical Inguinal Orchidectomy
43
What medications can be used as adjunct therapy in alcohol dependence
alcamprosate naltrexone Disulfiram
44
CAGE Questionaiire
Have you ever felt you ought to Cut down on your drinking? Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking? Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover ( Eye-opener)? One or more “yes” responses constitute a positive screening test.
45
Buproprion
non nicotine oral therapy - It is effective for smokers with depression, cardiac or respiratory diseases, and also to improve short-term abstinence rates for people with schizophren
46
5As in smoking cessation
Ask about and document tobacco use at every opportunity Assess motivation and confidence to quit - 'are you interested in quitting?' Advise the smoker to stop Assist the smoker to stop Arrange follow-up to maintain non-smoking
47
Morton's Neuroma
benign neuroma of an intermetarsal plantar nerve entraps affected nerve pain and numbness and shooting pains direct pressure between metatarsal heads can replicate pressure
48
most common complication of high dose corticosteroid therapy
insomnia
49
Tumours most likley to metastasise to bone
Breast, prostate, lung, colon, kidney, thyroid
50
most common cause of death after spinal cord injury
pulmonary failure
51
Autonomic Dysreflexia
baroreceptor response that frequently causes bradycardia
52
Acute management of GI dysfunction after a spinal cord injury
GI decompression via IG tube, increased protein in diet, use of PPIs, placement of PEG or NET for dietary support
53
Incomplete tetraplegia
arms are paralysed but legs are spared
54
Neurogenic bowel management plan
high fibre, scheduled stool softners, GI stimulants and rectal stimulants
55
Problems resulting immediately after spinal cord injury
GI dysfunction; cognitive dysfunction; neurogenic bladder; pressure ulcers
56
most common outcome of spinal cord injury
incomplete tetraplegia
57
CREST Syndrome
Calcinosis: calcium deposits on skin Raynaud’s phenomenon Esophageal dysfunction: acid reflux Sclerodactyly: tightening of skin on digits Telangiectasia: superficial dilated blood vessels Limites Systemic Sclerosis
58
Haemophilia B
Factor 9 deficiency
59
Haemophilia A
Factor 8 Deficiency
60
Anal Disease in IBD
Crohn's
61
Rectum always involved in IBD
Ulcerative colitis
62
Treatment for haemophilia A
desmopressin
63
which cause of anaemia most classically has the hair on end appearance on xray
thalassemia
64
DRESS
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Liver most commonly involved Fever, liver abnormalities, lymphadenopathy
65
Difference between spacticity and rigidity
Spacticity is velocity dependent | rigidity is present throughout all movements
66
Ichthyosis
'fish scale' | group of genetic disorders that cause dry scaly thickened skin
67
Howel-Evan Syndrome
condition involving thickening of the skin in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis) associated with high lifetime risk of oesophageal cancer
68
Marjolin's ulcer
squamous cell ulcer that develop in areas of chronic inflammation such as burn sites or varicose ulcers
69
Brodie's Abcess
cavity surrounded by a ‘halo’ of sclerosis, most commonly occur in metaphases of long bones
70
pituitary mass with calcification in a child with visual field defect
Craniopharyngioma
71
Features of aspirin overdose
Encephalopathy, deranged coagulation, renal failure, hypoglycaemia
72
MEN 2A syndrome
Thyroid, parathyroid and phaeochromocytoma | Mutation in the RET gene
73
Whipple's Triad
Suggest the patients symptoms result from hypoglycaemia (could be pancreatic insulinomas) and consists of: fasting hypoglycemia. symptoms of hypoglycemia. immediate relief of symptoms after the administration of IV glucose.
74
Akithesia
motor restlessness, constant semi purposeful movements of arms and legs
75
athetosis
writhing slow sinuous movements, especially of the hands and wrists
76
Wernicke's Area
posterior superior temporal lobe (first temporal gyrus) | Receptive dysphasia
77
Broca's Area
posterior inferior frontal lobe
78
Nominal dysphagia lesion
dominant posterior temporparietal area
79
Gerstmann Syndrome
``` Dominant hemisphere parietal lobe Acalculia Agraphia Left-Right disorientation finger agnosia ```
80
occipital lobe
homonomyous hemianopia alexia (inability to read) seizures (flashing light aura)
81
Frontal Lobe
``` personality changes primitive reflexes anosmia optic nerve compression leak weakness gait apraxia dysphagia (expressive) loss of micturition control ```
82
Temporal Lobe
Memory loss upper quandrantopic hemianopia dysphagia (receptive if dominant lobe)
83
Psuedobulbar palsy
upper motor neuron weakness that causes spastic dysarthria
84
What is the distribution of the capillary haemangioma in Sturge Weber Syndrome
Trigeminal
85
Conversion Disorder
Neurological complaint with motor, sensory deficit, with seizures or convulsions. Initiation is preceeded by conflict or other stressors not intentionally produced or feigned cannot be explained by a medical condition causes distress
86
Side effect of cisplatin
renal damage and neural toxicity
87
Side Effect of cyclophosphamide
haemorrhagic cystitis adnd alopecia
88
side effect of blemoycin
Pulmonry fibrosis
89
doxarubicin side effect
cardiac toxicity
90
vincristine
peripheral neuropathy
91
Drug of choice in severe delirium
Halloperidol

General Medicine (15 decks)

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