gender

Question 1

Otto Pollack

Answer 1

chivalry thesis
‘men hate to accuse women… police officers dislike to arrest them, district atternies hate to prosecute them and judges and juries hate to find them guilty’
most agents are men and are socialised to act in a chivalrous way
women are less likely to appear in crime stats

Question 2

Hood
- support chivalry thesis

Answer 2

studied over 3k defendants and found women were 1/3 less likely to be prosecuted than men

Question 3

Flood-Page
- support for CT

Answer 3

self report study
1 in 11 female offendents has been cautioned or prosecuted
1 in 7 men

Question 4

Box
- against CT

Answer 4

review of self report studies
women who commit serious crimes are not more likely to be treated favorably

Question 5

Farrington and Morris
- against CT

Answer 5

study of 408 offences of theft in a magistrates court found women were not sentenced more leniently

Question 6

Carlen
- A03 CT

Answer 6

women are jailed for less serious crimes and more courts assess them as wives

Question 7

Walklate
- A03 CT

Answer 7

rape cases not defendant whose on trial its the victim

Question 8

Parsons

Answer 8

functional sex role theory
C+D due to family gender roles
boys lack male RM in home as dad busy being breadwinner - boys reject femanine models of behaviour

Question 9

A.K. Cohen

Answer 9

functional sex role theory
lack of male role model as fathers are less likely to socialise children
boys turn to male street gangs

Question 10

Walkate

Answer 10

criticises functional sex role theory
biological assumption - just because women bear child doesn’t mean best suited for expressive

Question 11

Heidensohn

Answer 11

patriarchal control theory
1) control at home - domestic roles (confined to kitchen), bedroom culture (girls don’t go out as much as boys)
2) controlled through finance and power - Dobash x2 = DV is a result of challenging male authority
3) control in public - threat of male violence Islington crime survey - 54% of women avoid going out in dark compared to 14% men
4) control at work - male supervisors and sexual harassment

Question 12

Carlen

Answer 12

class and gender deals
study of 39 15-26 year old WC women
used unstructured interviews
most serious female criminals are WC
uses Hirschi control theory - rational choice
WC women led to conform due to:
1) class deal - working provide material possessions and better standards of living
2) gender deal - patriarchy offers material and emotional rewards to traditional domestic role

Question 13

Adler

Answer 13

liberation thesis
society less patriarchal - women liberated from mens control - female control increases
equal pay act + sex discrimination act allow women in leadership - increase in women committing corporate crime
women offence in 50s = 1 in 7, 90s = 1 in 6
rise in women committing male dominated crimes - embezzlement and robbery

Question 14

Messerschmidt

Answer 14

masculinity = social construct/accomplishment
men have to constantly construct masculinity
hegemonic = dominant, defined through work in paid labour, subordination of women, heterosexism, violence (non-utilitarianism)
subordinated masculinity = gay men, ethnic men - have no desire to achieve hegemonic masc
WC youth can’t succeed in school so show masc in and out of school

Question 15

Winlow

Answer 15

masculinity, bodily capitalism and night time economy
bouncers in Sunderland
globalisation has caused a loss in manual jobs so cannot express masculinity
bouncer = paid work as well as illegal business ventures and opportunity to express masculinity
bodily capital = strength, muscles, how to use body to get what you want