gender ao3 Flashcards
(29 cards)
1
Q
bems sex role inventory (lacks temporal validity)
A
- based on american students and what traits they found attractive in the 1970s
- therefore limited as a measurement of masculinity and femininity in all cultures and all times so lacks temporal validity
- all judges were from the US so their idea of feminine and masculine may not be shared across all societies/cultures
2
Q
bems sex role inventory (low internal validity + quantative data)
A
- self report relies on someone having insight on personal characteristics etc
- could lie and exaggerate due to social desirablility bias = but confidential = may reduce bias
- tested over 1000 students and produced similar results when tested with same sample = high test retest
- quantative data so easier to analyse + objective
3
Q
bems sex role inventory (allows people to be themselves)
A
- bem suggested andogynous people more likley to be comfortable with who they are = dont force themselves into conventional gender expectations
- bem argues in western cultures girls learn to inhibit masculine side vice versa
- advantage as androgynous people are able to be themselves deal with situations appropriately and not fit into stereotypes
4
Q
role of chromosomes and hormones (biologically reductionist)
A
- takes complex issue of sex and gender and reduces it down to just hormones and chromosomes
- can be positive allows us to infer cause and effect and test those variables
- may miss other important factors in gender
- like social factors (stereotypes etc) gender has been found to be consequence of social factors then biology
- therefore take interactionist approach and understand all factors that affect gender
5
Q
role of chromosomes and hormones (research support for hormones)
A
- researchers studied transgender patients who were undergoing treatment and being injected with hormones of opposite sex
- transgender women given female hormones showed less aggression
- transgender men given male hormones showed more aggression
- aggression/visuospatial skills trad seen as male traits
- changed when taking treatment shows hormones match with gender behaviour
6
Q
role of chromosomes and hormones (research support - david reimer)
A
- born bio male but raised as a girl
after penis burnt off in failed circumcision - david reverted back to male shows biological factors more important than socialisation
- always a male with male chromosomes pattern brain recieved average male testosterone amount
- treating as women seen to not affect his male identity or he wouldve stayed female
- idiographic = indepth data = low population validity
7
Q
atypical sex chromosome patterns (cant establish cause and effect)
A
- possible that environmental or social influences are more important than research suggests
- eg social immaturity in turners could be due the way others respond to ones physical immaturity rather then biological
- we shouldnt ignore nuture in atypical development like turners as there could be important nature nuture interactions like chromsomes and environment
8
Q
atypical sex chromosomes pattern (samples unrepresentative and atypical)
A
- to see charactertistics we have identify lots of people with the disorder and buil database
- then we can see range from mild to severe symptoms= more likley to identify those with severe symptoms
- so picture of symptoms may be distorted
- eg many with klienfelters dont have severe cognitive problems and are academically successful
- symptoms may be over exaggerated and so validity of klinefelters understanding questioned
9
Q
atypical sex chromsomes pattern (practical application)
A
- researchers showed individuals who treated young had significant benefits compared to those diagnosed at adulthood
- further research will increase earlier diagnosis and undnerstanding of syndrome
- shows increased awarness for turners etc from research
- led to pratical application and positive outcomes for those with disorders
10
Q
kholberg (research support)
A
- researchers told children about george and how he likes to play with dolls etc and asked them to comment
- aged 4 (not likley in constancy) said its ok he plays with dolls
- ages 6 (most likely in constancy) said it was wrong for him to play with dolls
- developed gender steretoypes which occurs in constancy stage
- shows children have developed rigid stereotypes
11
Q
kholberg (maybe different degrees of constancy)
A
- researchers have praised kholberg for his theory acknowledging childrens understanding of their own and other genders guides their thoughts behaviours
- we are unsure when and how this understanding affects behaviour
- it is suggested there are different degrees of constancy
- eg children may develop first degree before 6 (understanding gender) and second degree after which relates to their responsiveness to steretoypes
- suggested gender constancy more gradual process than kohlbergs theory and may develop earlier than thought
12
Q
kohlberg (nature nuture interactionism)
A
- his theory maybe seen as nature approach
- as changes related to changes in brain and intellectual capacity with age
- however does acknowledge that children search for confirmation of gender stereotypes in constancy
- showing nuture and gender developement is an interactionism
13
Q
gender schema theory (research support)
A
- researchers found that children more likley to remember gender consistent pictures than inconsistent ones
- recall for gender consistent photos good
- recall for inconsistent was distorted so that children remembered what expected sex would do activity
- supports GST and children already looking at gender consistent inconsistent etc before Kohlberg said it would happen
- supports GST as children changed images so it fit with what their existing schemas
14
Q
gender schema theory (takes account for cultural differences)
A
- can take account for cultural differences in stereotypical gender behaviour
- so cultures where men seen as career working and women nuturing children will develop schemas that fit those ideas
- but in a less rigid culture children develop more fluid schemas
- can explain how gender schema passed on between society and how culture differences come
- unlike psychodyanmic approach assumes unconscious universal struggles to acknowledge differences
15
Q
gender schema theory (further research support)
A
- researchers found 4 yr olds who had no signs of gender stability or constancy showed strong sex stereotyped behaviours
- supports GST as it states we dont need to have constancy or stability to seek out behaviours and develop stereotypes
- only need gender identity like GST says
16
Q
psychodynamic explanation on gender development (unscientific)
A
- concepts are all from unconcious like odeipus electra etc
- these are all untestable concepts through empirical method as cant directly observe
- untestable means unfalsifiable
- we cant disprove theories with psychodynamic explanation
- features of science is falsifiablity and empricial method
- this theory of gender unscientific = reduce scientific credibility
17
Q
psychodynamic explanations on gender development (psychic determinist)
A
- gender caused my unconcious
- problem as doesnt take into account free will in gender development = hard determinism
- pessimistic view on gender developement
- suggests our gender is out of our control
18
Q
psychodynamic approach on gender development (disagreement over gender identity)
A
- frued states gender identity develops at end of phallic stage
- before this children bisexual (neither male or female)
- goes against kolhberg as gender identity much earlier
- kohlbergs is gradual across stages but freuds is sudden change
- both agree that at 6 children act in gender appropiate way
- less scientific than bio approach focus on unconscious rather than envrionment asw
19
Q
SLT applied to gender development (reductionist)
A
- takes complex idea of gender development and reduces it down to learning from environment
- allows testing and cause/effect
- could lead to changes in behaviour by counter stereotyping
- miss other important factors like biology
- take interactionist approach to gender development as more advantageous
20
Q
SLT applied to gender development (research against david reimer)
A
- David reimer goes against SLT as they tried to socialise him as a girl but didnt work out as he went back to being a man
- therefore supports chromosomes and hormones but not SLT
- idiographic case gives indepth detail /evidence againt SLT in gd
- low population validity questions evidence against SLT
21
Q
SLT applied to gender development (can explain change in gender roles in society)
A
- explain changing gender roles in western society
- men and women not doing stereotypical behaviour more androgynous
- can be explained by reinforcement changed not punished anymore for behaving differently
- models we learn from through vicarious reinforcement have changed
- biology hasnt changed so supports SLT over it in gender developemennt
22
Q
influence of culture on gender roles (imposed etic)
A
- mead is criticised as she taken western research methods and gender biases and placed them on tribes
- these standards not relevant to them
- therefore results into culture may not be accurate as study ethnocentric
- she couldve improved this by using researchers from within culture and methods from culture (emic)
- or done double blind trail to reduce investigator bias on research
23
Q
influence of culture on gender roles (low validity)
A
- mead was to involved with tribes tribes coulvde reacted and changed behaviour and guess aim of study (social desirability screw you please you)
- she was also conducting own research = subjective
- no accurate representation of culture on gender roles
- all these factors act as confounding lowering internal validity so research not scientific as low objectivity
24
Q
influence of media on gender roles (counter stereotypes)
A
- counterstereotypes mean media may have positive influence on gender roles as it can reduce gender stereotyping in society
- through vicarious reinforcement
- stereotyping in children reduced when saw women in non stereotypical roles
- shows that counter stereotyping does reduce stereotypes in society
- pre adolescent boys steretoyped more suggesting invdividual differences = everyone influenced by media differently on gender roles
25
influence of media on gender roles (correlation cant infer causation)
- most studies suggest relationship between media and gender
- however correlation doesnt show causation
- only shows relationship not media leading to gender roles or development
- potential third variable links these together
26
biological explanations on gender dysphoria (contradictory evidence for BST)
- claimed BST fully formed at age 5 and therefore any hormone treatment shouldnt affect BST
- challenged research has found that trangender hormone therapy affects size of BST
- so changes in BST could be due to hormone therapy rather than cause of gender dysphoria
- hormones act as confounding variable and arent sure if BST actually causes gender dysphoria
27
biological explanations on gender dysphoria (reductionist)
- take complex condition of gender dysphoria and reduce it down to anatomical level
- therefore other important factors in development of gender dysphoria ignored like SLT or psychological factors
- interactionist approach with many different levels of explanations better as dysphoria complex and cant be explained by one factor
28
social explanations on gender dysphoria (unscientific)
- psychoanalytics cant be scientifically observed or tested
- there is no way to show unconcious actually exists
- no way to verify if repressed fantasy that triggers gender dysphoria unless evidence availaible
- untestable unfalsifiable both features of science reduces scientific credibility of psychoanalytics as explanation
29
social explanations on gender (not comprehensive)
- theory doesnt provide adequate account of GD in females as it is androcentric
- only explains dysphoria in transgender women
- researchers also found gender dysphoria linked more to absence of fathers rather than separation of mothers in male babies
- so psychoanalytics not comprehensive in explaining dysphoria
