psychopanthology ao3 Flashcards
psychology paper 1 (33 cards)
1
Q
failure to function adequately (label non standard lifestyles)
A
- may label non standard living as abnormal
- eg base jumpers have high mortality so risk to their life but its just their life choice
- or new age travellers dont work/no permanent home could be seen as not living adequately
- may label people wrong leading to restricted choice/ freedom
2
Q
failure to function adequately (subjective criteria)
A
- idea of unconventional behaviour etc is all subjective
- psychiatrists may believe someone fits into criteria but others may disagree
- shows diagnosing is inconsistent and not reliable for case
- could lead to inaccurate diagnosis based on subjective ideas of whats normal and whats not
3
Q
deviation from ideal mental health (imposed etic)
A
- definition was based off individualistic/western cultures
- other cultures independence not so important
- so if apply definition to other cultures it becomes imposed etic holding them to a standard thats not relevant to them
- leads to making inaccurate judgements of people from other cultures
4
Q
deviation from ideal mental health (comprehensive criteria)
A
- it covers a range of criterias that we may seek help for
- means we can meaningfully discuss our mental health with a range of professionals
- eg psychiatrists look at symptoms or humanist looks at self actualisation
- allows us to assess ourselves and talk to different professionals but also acsess whats best for our MH
5
Q
statistical infrequency (real life application)
A
- is used by psychiatrists eg less then 2% of population have IQ 70> this can be used to diagnose patients with IDD
- this is a positive as shows SIF is used in real life and not just a theoretical model
- can be used to identify severity of someones disorder and what help they need
- strength as important part of clinical treatments used by psychiatrists
6
Q
statistical infrequency (ends of distrubution judged the same)
A
- SIF judges both ends as abnormal which may not be the case
- eg having a high IQ is very rare but isnt seen as abnormal but rather desirable and a good thing
- opposite for other end where intervention is required
- may misjudge people from ends as abnormal etc when isnt the case for everyone
- thats why it is not used alone when making diagnosis
7
Q
deviation from social norms (it is useful)
A
- can be used in clinical pratice eg to find characteristics for antisocial personality disorder
- look at culturally abnormal behaviour like aggression etc
- compare to what the norm would do which wouldnt show aggression therefore these behaviours deviate
- shows definition holds value in psychiatry
8
Q
deviation from social norms (imposed etic)
A
- social norms vary between cultures so it is culturally relative
- eg hearing voices in african cultures seen as normal talking to dead but in western cultures sign of SZ
- if we apply definition to other cultures becomes imposed etic
- issue as could lead to inaccurate judgement of someone esp those living in cultures where theyre not from
9
Q
behavioural approach to explaining phobias/2 process model (practical application)
A
- approach has been used to develop therapies (SD and flooding)
- based of principle that if avoidance of phobic stimulus is prevented reinforcement cant occur so reducing fear
- SD and flooding have been effective therapies eg researchers found people less scared of spiders when going through SD than relaxation techniques
- therefore supports idea learn phobias via 2 process model as we can reverse learn successfully using it
10
Q
behaviourist appraoch to explaining phobias/2 process model (environmentally reductionist)
A
- takes complex idea of explaining phobias to just learning from environment
- misses out other important factors
- take interactionist approach instead eg combine with cognitive
- strength as one factor can be studied can establish cause and effect and treat = adds to scientific credibility of approach in explaining
11
Q
behaviourist approach to explaining phobias/2 process model (environmentally determinist)
A
- suggests learning will lead to phobia and that we have no free will in whether we develop phobia or not
- pessimistic view on behaviour
- strength as determinism aligns with science and adds scientific credibility
- because determinism establishes cause and effect which is a feature of science
12
Q
behavioural approach to treating phobias - systematic desensitisation (it is effective)
A
- research support for it being effective researchers followed up 42 patients who has fear of spiders after 3 SD senssions
- had control group asw
- in both 3 and 33 months SD had less fear of spiders shows it is effective in both short and long term
- further backed up by comparing to control group and found high results
- adds scientific credibility to approach in treating phobias
13
Q
behavioural approach to treating phobias - systematic densensitisation (accepted by patients)
A
- patients prefer SD over flooding as less traumatic experience and reflected by low refusal and drop out rates = positive
- shows patients more likley to finish and start SD which benefits NHS as not wasting money and it is actually helping people
- allows more people to get back to work so positive economic implications
14
Q
behavioural approach to treating phobias - systematic densensitisation (environmental reductionist)
A
- takes complex idea of treating patientss with phobia to just counterconditioning
- misses out other important factors that should be treated eg cognitions like irrational thoughts
- take interactionist approach instead combine with cognitive so treat both behaviour and cognition
15
Q
behavioural approach to treating phobias - flooding (cost effective)
A
- less sessions required and quicker alternative than SD
- so less money required to fund flooding so less strain on nhs and more money can be used in other sectors
- also as quick alternative means help more people and get them back into work so has positive implications on economy
16
Q
behavioural apparoach to treating phobias - flooding (traumatic)
A
- one issue patients prefer SD over flooding as it is less traumatic
- not unethical as full consent given but high rates of dropping out treatment showing weakness
- also money spent has not been effective so nhs loses money and less people go back to work so negative implications on economy
17
Q
behavioural approach to treating phobias - flooding (environmentally reductionist)
A
- takes complex idea of treating patientscogn with phobia to just counterconditioning
- misses out other important factors that should be treated eg cognitions like irrational thoughts
- take interactionist approach instead combine with cognitive so treat both behaviour and cognition
18
Q
cognitive approach to explaining depression - becks negative triad (research support)
A
- researchers did study on 65 women on cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after pregnancy
- found women with high cognitive vulnerability more likley to develop post natal depression shows link
- gynocentric study and only pregnant women difficult to generalise if we generalise on men leads to beta bias
19
Q
cognitive appraoch to explaining depression - becks negative triad (practical application)
A
- has practical application through CBT
- CBT basis is to challenge the negative triad and has been found to be effective in treating depression
- supports becks triad because we can change cognition to treat depression therefore showing cognition is an explanation of depression in the first place
20
Q
cognitive approach to explaining depression - becks negative triad (cant explain all aspects of depression)
A
- doesnt explain all aspects of depression only basic symptoms but depression is very complex disorder
- cant explain symptoms like deep anger or hallucinations etc
- eg someone thinking that theyre a zombie
- so triad is limited
21
Q
cognitive approach to explaining depression - ellis ABC model (partial explanation for depression)
A
- assumes that all depression start with an activating event
- doesnt provide explanation for endogenous depression (starts with an event hard to find)
- therefore model provides explanation for reactive depression but not other forms so it is limited
22
Q
cognitive approach to explaining depression - ellis ABC model (practical application)
A
- has practical application through CBT
- CBT basis is to challenge the irrational beliefs and reduce symptoms = has been found to be effective in treating depression
- supports model because we can change cognition to treat depression therefore showing cognition is an explanation of depression in the first place
23
Q
cognitive approach to explaining depression - ellis ABC model (ethical issues)
A
- ethically questionable as it almost entirely blames person for having depression
- unfair and could lead to more psychological harm than good
- however positive it has led to effective therapies and allow people to access the help they need
- cost benefit analysis even though does blame patient it helps them get better
24
Q
CBT as a treatment for depression (it is effective)
A
- researchers tested CBT, drugs, CBT + drugs on depressed adolescents
- after 36 weeks 81% from CBT 81% drugs and 86% CBT + drugs had improved in depression
- shows CBT is effective but even more effective in combination
- good option to treat depression
25
CBT as a treatment for depression (it cant treat severe depression)
- in some cases depression so severe that people cant motivate themself to do hard cognitive tasks of CBT
- so patients treated with drugs first then CBT after they are more capable of doing hard cognitive work
- shows it is not as effective as it cant be sole treatment for all cases of depression and has to be used along side other meds
26
CBT as a treatment for depression (machine reductionist)
- takes complex treatment of depression now to cognitions
- misses important factors of environment and biological factors that have major impact
- no point focusing on cognition if in abusive environment etc
- take interactionist approach like behaviourists and use appropiately to help with environment
- if not may reduce effectiveness of CBT
27
biological approach/drug therapy as a treatment for OCD (research support)
- researcher compared studies showing effects of SSRIs and placebos
- all studies with SSRIs showed significantly better results than placebos
- SSRIs effectivness increased when used along with CBT
- shows interactionist approach is positive as it improved effectiveness and maximise it
28
biological approach/drug therapy as a treatment for OCD (side effects)
- many side effects SSRIs can lead to indigestion blurred vision etc
- tricyclics can lead to more serious problems like high blood pressure
- can cause patients to avoid taking them because of side effects or start taking lower dosage reducing effectiveness of drug therapy
29
biological approach/drug therapy as a treatment for OCD (drug therapy cheaper than other therapies)
- drug therapies take up less time then normal therapies and cheaper so positive implication on economy
- as people can go back to work
- also drug therapy non disruptive of patients lives more likley to take on then psychological therapies and so more effective therapy
30
neural explanations of OCD (cant establish cause and effect)
- a chemical imbalance can lead to low serotonin and person can start showing signs of OCD but also can be vice versa
- therefore we cant establish cause and effect as we dont know what came first
- we might just be saying chemical levels cause OCD when they might just be associations
31
neural explanations of OCD (biologically reductionist)
- reduce complex issue of explaining OCD down to neurochemical levels
- miss out other important factors which may lead to OCD developing like cognition
- take interactionist approach instead where serotonin is seen as a factor along with other factors as well
32
genetic explanations of OCD (research support)
- researchers found 68% concordance between MZ twins and 31% concordance between DZ twins
- shows that as genetic similarity increases so does risk of developing OCD
- however MZ twins dont have 100% concordance
- shows OCD development isnt entirely genetic but also have factors such as environment that are involved
33
genetic explanations of OCD (twins share same environment)
- twins share same environment so difficult to tell whether concordance due to genetics or because they learnt OCD from same environment
- twin studies low population validity so cant generalise on everyone and small sample as well
- just because twins show genetic concordance for OCD doesnt mean everyone will
