Gene Expression Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
TCR
A
Transcriptional Control Region
2
Q
UTR
A
Untranslating Region
3
Q
PIC
A
pre-initiation complex
4
Q
CTD
A
C-terminal domain
5
Q
PAP
A
polyadenylate polymerase
6
Q
IFB
A
Initiation Factor Binding
7
Q
HAT
A
Histone acetyltransferase
8
Q
ADP
A
adenosine diphosphate
9
Q
ATP
A
adenosine triphosphate
10
Q
TF2D
A
Transcription factor 2D (binds to TATA box to kick off transcription) (PIC forms around TF2D + TATA box)
11
Q
rRNA
A
ribosomal RNA
12
Q
tRNA
A
transfer RNA
13
Q
mRNA
A
messenger RNA
14
Q
5’ Cap
A
the location of binding for eIF4E on mRNA. Add what it is though?
15
Q
5’ UTR
A
The region between the 5’ cap and the initiator sequence on mRNA
16
Q
CPSF
A
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor
17
Q
eIF2
A
Eukaroytic initiation factor 2D
18
Q
Exit Site
A
Ribosomal exit site. What leaves? tRNA ?
19
Q
Histone Tail
A
A tail on the histone protein (part of nucleosome) made of lysine.
20
Q
HDAT
A
histone deacetyltransferase
21
Q
Genes
A
a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome. A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring
22
Q
snRNP
A
part of the lariat when it is removed from the pre-mRNA
23
Q
Exons
A
part of pre-mRNA and coding sequence. All are spliced in during constitutive splicing. Some spliced out during alternative splicing.
24
Q
eIF4E. Binds to the 5’ cap. 5’ caps best friend.
A
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E
25
eIF4A
bind to 43S PIC. Also known as helocase
26
eIF4G
binds to 43S PIC.
27
Genome
the complete set of genetic material present in a cell / organism
28
lariat
excised intron as well as the snRNP molecules from 5' and 3' splice site. Also a rope used for lasso or tethering
29
43S PIC
40S subunit + ternary complex
30
48S PIC
40S subunit + ternary complex + eIF4A + eIF4G + eIF4E
31
Lysine
An AA. Has a positive charge. Is essential (can not be made by the body)
32
Acetyl
A functional group that can be added to lysine
33
Purines
A type of nucleotide that has two ring structure (6 and 5). Guanine and adenine are examples.
34
RNA POL 2
DNA dependent RNA polymerase 2
35
introns
part of pre-mRNA. All are spliced out during splicing
36
premRNA
precursor mRNA
37
Cytosol
One of the liquids found inside the cell
38
Ternary
Three
39
Histone
A protein found in DNA. DNA is wrapped around it, eight of them exist in each nucleosome. Have a positively charged tail
40
Guanine
A nucleotide
41
Topology
The way in which constituent parts are interrelated or arranged (also study of protein structure)
42
Promoter
contains local regulatory sequences, TATA sequence, and initiator sequence (20-500 base pairs) (where RNA Pol 2 binds)
43
Abortion
The process of the RNA being left without completion maybe because CTD phosphorylation didnt occur and capping enzyme didnt get summoned.
44
Enhancer
Regions in the TCR (transcriptional control region) that are approx 500 - 10 000 nucleotides upsteram of initiator sequence. Activators bind to them
45
Helocase
eIF4A
46
Exit site
the tRNA molecule detaches from the amino acid and exits the riboome
47
Acceptor
Ribosomal acceptor site
48
Peptidyl
Ribosomal peptidyl site
49
Silencer
Regions in the TCR (transcriptional control region) that are approx 500 - 10 000 nucleotides upsteram of initiator sequence. Repressors bind to them
50
Histidine
non-toxic form of histamine
51
Histamine
Messaging molecule
52
Virophage
Virus that affects other viruses
53
CpG island
genomic regions that have a high frequency of CpG dinucleotides. (70% of genes have these within their promoter region.)
54
3' Termini
the 3' end of mRNA, the poly-A tail
55
Guanosine
A nucleoside (nucleotide w a phosphate group)
56
Nucleosome
A unit of measure. Amount of DNA that can wrap around 8 histones.
57
Initiation
The first step of transcription
58
Elongation
The second step of transcription
59
Methionine
An amino acid found in the ternary complex. Non-essential
60
hydrolysis
opposite of condensation. to break down with water.
61
Activators
Bind to enhancer regions in TCR to increase transcription rates by stabilizing the PIC
62
Repressors
bind to silencer to decrease transcription rates by destabilizing the PIC
63
Pyrimidines
A type of nucleotide that has one ring structure (6). Examples are cytosine and thymine. Think of the 'Y'.
64
Poly (A) tail
The end of the mRNA molecule made up of multiple adenosine nucleotides
65
Termination
Third step of transcription. RNA Pol 2 gets off the DNA template stand
66
Poly (A) sign
where CPSF cleaves mRNA
67
3' splice site
where the snRNP attaches closer to the 3' end
68
5' splice site
where the snRNP attaches closer to the 5' end
69
Alternative
All introns spliced out, some exons spliced in
70
Translation
the process by which mature mRNA is used to code for proteins. Occurs in the cytosol
71
dehydration
forming a product and one biproduct is water
72
Histone Tail
positively charged, made up of the AA lysine. Interacts with phosphate backbone
73
Mitochondria
An organelle in the cell. Powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is transferred from the mother.
74
TATA Sequence
binding site for transcription (transcription factor 2D)
75
condensation
a reaction where one of the biproducts is water
76
Acceptor site
a location on the ribosome where a tRNA molecule carrying the appropriate AA enters the ribosome
77
Peptidyl site
where the AA form peptide bonds (therefore form a polypeptide).
78
Constitutive
one gene, one protein
79
Poly (A) signal
A sequence on the coding region of pre-mRNA that tells the CPSF where to cleave
80
Capping enzyme
Binds to RNA pol 2. Responsible for adding 5' cap to RNA during elongation. Occurs when the RNA Pol 2 is phosphorylated by kinase.
81
precursor mRNA
RNA that exists with introns and w/o the poly-A tail
82
Constitutive
All introns spliced out, all exons spliced in
83
Nuclear export
moving out of the nucleus
84
Polyadeylation
The process of adding adenines to the 3' end of mRNA to make poly-A tail
85
Ternary complex
Made up of eIF2, GTP, and tRNA + methionine. When bound to 40S subunit form the 43S PIC
86
DNA methylation
a method of transcriptional regulation where methyl groups are added to nucleotides (cytosine)
87
CpG dinucleotides
cytosine nucleotide followed by a guanine nucleotide
88
Initiator Sequence
Where transcription begins
89
CTD phosphoylation
the process of RNA Pol 2 being phosphorylated and therefore a 5' cap being added by the capping enzyme. If it doesnt happen the RNA is aborted
90
Phosphate backbone
the 'spine' of the DNA structure.
91
Terminator Sequence
The sequence on DNA that ends transcription
92
Regulatory Sequences
Enhancers and Silencers
93
Alternative Splicing
All introns spliced out, some exons spliced in
94
DNA methyltransferase
the enzyme that facilitates DNA methylation
95
Transcription Factor 2D
Transcription factor 2D (binds to TATA box to kick off transcription) (PIC forms around TF2D + TATA box)
96
Pre-initiation complex
binds to the promoer region + enhancers and composed of 100+ proteins
97
Constitutive Splicing
All introns spliced out, all exons spliced in
98
Histidine Decarboxylase
converts histidine to histamine (found in bacterial cells, which appear during rotting of fish) and in the cytoplasm of cells
99
Polyadenylate Polymerase
the enzyme that facilitates polyadenylation
100
Initiation Factor Binding
process by which eIF1A and eIF3 are added to 40S subunit. First step of translational process.
101
Cotranscriptional Capping
occurs during elongation. The 5' cap is added to the pre-mRNA
102
Histone Acetyltransferase
enzyme that increases the rate of transcription by adding acetyl groups to lysine tail, therefore decreasing how tightly wound the DNA is.
103
Transcriptional Regulation
regulating the process of DNA to RNA, usually by altering the rate at which a gene is transcribed.
104
DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase 2
binds to the promoter region on DNA in the transcription process. Makes RNA. AN enzyme. Also a part of the PIC. Adds nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction.
105
Histone Deacetyltransferase
an enzyme that decreases the rate of transcription by taking acetyl groups off of the lysine tail, therefore increasing how tightly wound the DNA is.
106
Alternative Polyadenylation
RNA processing mechanism that affects the length of the poly-A tail
107
Transcriptional Control Region
Contains ENHANCER or SILENCER + local regulatory sequences, TATA sequence, and initiator sequence (20-500 base pairs) (where RNA Pol 2 binds)
108
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2D
Part of ternary complex, can be repressed by phosphoylation by kinase.
109
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E
Cap binding enzyme. Binds to 5' cap on mRNA to connect RNA and ribosome.
