gene x environment interaction Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between the terms genotype and phenotype

A

Geno- individual’s collection of genes that indicates genes are present in a phenotype
Pheno- apparent observable characteristics of the individual as a product of environmental and genetic influences

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2
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

The degree to which the phenotype is influenced by the environment.

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3
Q

What are examples of traits that have low or high phenotypic plasticity?

A

Low plasticity- some traits will have low plasticity e.g. eye colour as genotype exerts a strong influence on this
High plasticity- genotype has less influence

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4
Q

What can variants within individual genes lead to?

A

Phenotypic variability

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5
Q

What is heritability?

A

The degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between the individuals in that population

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6
Q

What is environmentality?

A

The extent to which variations within a population are attributable to environmental factors

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7
Q

What is the difference between shared and non shared environmental effects?

A

Shared- refers to aspects of the environment that make children in the same family more similar compared to children reared in different families
Non shared- refers to aspects that make children of the same family different

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8
Q

What is the Wilson Effect?

A

Increase in heritability for IQ with age, meaning that as person becomes more independent, effective experiences become more self selected.

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9
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

IQ is rising over time (3 points every decade, 21 since 1950) due to increases in education, reduction in family size etc

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10
Q

What do adoption studies e.g. by Rutter show about gene environment interaction?

A

InterPLAY rather than an interaction e.g. genes may predispose you to a risky environment

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11
Q

What is the A,C,E model used in twin studies?

A

A- additive genetic
C- common environment
E- specific environment and error
Bayley scale at 10 months at 2 years- at 2 years, genes accounted for 50% in SES families

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12
Q

What did Caspi et al. (2003) investigate about genes and life events?

A

Wanted to investigate why not everyone develops depression after stressful life events. Found that the probability of major depression later in life was double for those with ‘s;; allele compared to ‘l’ allele among young people w histories of maltreatment. However replication is needed.

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13
Q

What other evidence has been found in relation to allele length?

A

Caplan et al 2021- found an interaction between allele length and responsive parenting interaction

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