General Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the skeletal system?
A
Provides the basic framework of the body; Protects, shapes, gives support to the body; Source of attachment for muscles; Stores minerals and manufactures blood cells
2
Q
What is the function of the muscular system?
A
Muscles contract and relax to allow external body movement and production of the body’s heat; Internal muscles work to move food along the digestive track and keep the heart beating
3
Q
What is the function of the nervous system?
A
Provides a communication system for the body; Response to both internal and external stimuli
4
Q
What is the function of the endocrine system?
A
Controls growth; Stimulates sexual development; regulates use of calcium; Aids in regulating the body’s water balance; Produces insulin
5
Q
What is the function of the reproductive system?
A
Produces new life
6
Q
What is the function of the circulatory system?
A
Carries life-sustaining substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, throughout the body; Carries away waste materials; Maintains a balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids
7
Q
What is the function of the digestive system?
A
Takes food in, breaks it down, and converts it to substances the body needs to sustain life; Provides a means for the body to eliminate solid wastes
8
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system?
A
Brings oxygen into the body that is transported to all cells; The waste product, carbon dioxide, is picked up and exhaled
9
Q
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
A
Provides nutrients, drains body fluids, and absorbs fats
10
Q
What is the function of the immune system?
A
Protects the body from disease and harmful substances
11
Q
What is the function of the integumentary system?
A
Provides body protection; Includes skin, hair, and nails
12
Q
What is the definition of anterior in describing areas of the body?
A
In front of; In the front of the body or body section
E.x. The eye is anterior to the ear
13
Q
What is the definition of ventral in describing areas of the body?
A
On the front
E.x. The belly or abdominal area of the body is on the ventral side of the body
14
Q
What is the definition of posterior in describing areas of the body?
A
In back or behind; In the back of the body or body section
E.x. The ear is posterior to the nose
15
Q
What is the definition of dorsal in describing areas of the body?
A
On the back
E.x. The dorsal surface is on the back of the body or organ
16
Q
What is the definition of medial in describing areas of the body?
A
Toward the middle of the body; The medial is closest to the midline(Towards the midline)
(E.x. The midline or median line divides the body into left and right halves)
17
Q
What is the definition of mesial in describing areas of the body?
A
Toward the midline of the body (primarily used in dentistry)(Away from the midline)
(E.x. The surface of a tooth that faces the median line is the mesial surface)
18
Q
What is the definition of lateral in describing areas of the body?
A
Toward the outside or away from the midline that divides the body
(E.x. The ear is on the lateral surface of the head)
19
Q
What is the definition of distal in describing areas of the body?
A
Away from the midline of the body or body section(Farther from trunk)
(E.x. The hand is the distal portion of the arm; In dentistry, the surface of a tooth that faces away from the median line is the distal surface)
20
Q
What is the definition of proximal in describing areas of the body?
A
Refers to the part of the body closest to the point of attachment(Closer to trunk)
(E.x. The thigh is the proximal surface of the leg)
21
Q
What is the definition of inferior in describing areas of the body?
A
Below or under
E.x. The mouth is inferior to the nose
22
Q
What is the definition of superior in describing areas of the body?
A
Above or higher
E.x. The eyes are superior to the mouth
23
Q
What are the 3 planes that the human body can be divided into?
A
Sagittal, frontal and transverse
24
Q
What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the sagittal plane?
A
Proximal, distal, medial and lateral
25
What is proximal also known as?
Central
26
What is distal also known as?
Peripheral
27
What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the frontal plane?
Anterior and posterior
28
What is anterior also known as?
Ventral
29
What is posterior also known as?
Dorsal
30
What is the frontal plane also known as?
The coronal plane
31
What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the transverse plane?
Superior and inferior
32
What is superior also known as?
Cranial
33
What is posterior also known as?
Caudal
34
What is the transverse plane also known as?
The horizontal plane
35
What are the 2 body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
36
What canals are in the dorsal cavity?
Spinal and cranial
37
What canals are in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic
38
What is bone or osseous tissue composed of?
Connective tissue
39
Connective is rendered hard by deposits of _______ _____.
Mineral salts
40
What type of bone is found in the middle and end of long bones?
Cancellous/Spongy Bone
41
What type of bone is found in the main shaft and outer layer of bones?
Compact/Dense Bone
42
What type of bone consists a meshwork of interconnecting bone?
Cancellous Bone
43
A meshwork of interconnecting bone is called __________.
Trabeculae
44
What type of bone is the strong and hard section of the bone?
Compact Bone
45
What cells are in compact bones?
Osteoclast cells
46
Compact bone is covered with a layer of tough, fibrous tissue called the _________.
Periosteum
47
What does the periosteum contain?
Blood & lymph vessels, osteoblasts, and nerve tissue
48
What are bone-building cells known as?
Osteoblasts
49
What is found where bones join and forms part of some structures?(E.x. Nose, ears)
Cartilage
50
An area where two or more bones meet at a junction is known as a _____/____________.
Joint/Articulation
51
What is a joint usually composed of?
Fibrous connective tissue and cartilage
52
What type of joint has fibrous connective tissue and is immovable/fixed? Example?
Fibrous joint, bones of cranium
53
What type of joint has connective tissue and cartilage, and is slightly movable? Example?
Cartilaginous joint, joints of bones of vertebrate
54
What type of joint has fluid within a joint, and considerable/free movement?
Synovial joint
55
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid
56
Importance of the skeletal system to a dental assistant(3)
Cranium and facial bones, maxilla and mandible support teeth and are primary focus in dentistry
Conditions of skeletal system may alter dental treatment
Knowing this system aids dental assistants in correct patient positioning and movement at the dental unit, as well as providing sound ergonomic principles for themselves
57
What is osteomyelitis and what are some signs/symptoms?
An infection of bone-forming tissue; There's inflammation, edema, and circulatory congestion in bone marrow; Pus may form, inflammatory pressure may cause small fractures
58
What is osteoporosis?
The loss of bony material, thus leaving bones brittle and soft
59
What is cleft palate?
The failure of a palate to form and join correctly
60
What is a fracture?
A break of the bone or cartilage
61
What does TMJ represent and what is it?
Temporomandibular Joint Disease; Degeneration/disease of the joint where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
62
What percent of the body weight does the muscular system make up?
30 to 40 percent
63
How do muscles provide movement?
By contracting and relaxing
64
What do internal muscles do?
Move food along the digestive track and keep the heart beating
65
What do the external muscles do?
Allow the body to walk, run, stand, straight, and communicate
66
Muscles also produce ____ ____.
Body heat
67
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
Striated, cardiac, and smooth
68
Which muscle type has the largest amount of muscle tissue?
Striated muscle
69
Striated muscle is made of ____, ____ cells that have _______ or _____ across them
Long, thin, stripes, bands
70
What is the function of striated muscle?
Provide for external body movement, from facial expression to bike riding
71
What is striated muscle sometimes called? Why?
Voluntary muscles, Only group of muscles an individual has conscious control over
72
Cardiac muscle has the ____ ________ or _______ appearance as ________ muscle but is ___________ __ ______.
Same striated, striped, skeletal, involuntary in action
73
Smooth muscle is ___________ tissue
Nonstriated
74
Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary?
Involuntary
75
What are involuntary muscles controlled by?
The autonomic nervous system
76
Where are smooth muscles found?
Internal organs, blood vessels, skin, and ducts from glands
77
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Only in the heart
78
Which internal organ are smooth muscles not found?
The heart
79
What are groups of muscle cells often called?
Fibers
80
Define fascia
Fibrous sheets of connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates the muscle fibers;
81
What do each fibers have besides muscle cells?
Nerves and a blood supply
82
What is the muscle tissue capacity to respond to stimuli called?
Excitability or irritability
83
Skeletal muscles may attach directly to the __________ of the bone or they may attach through ___________ __________ ______ that extends beyond the muscle
Periosteum, specialized connective tissue
84
Define tendon
Attachment extension in the form of a cord (attach muscle to bone)
85
Define aponeurosis
Attachment extension that is broad and flattened
86
Define ligaments
Connective tissue that is composed of bands or sheets fibrous tissue and act to connect of support two or more bones
87
Define origin of the muscle
Where the muscle attaches to the more stationary bone
88
Define insertion point
Where the bone is moveable
89
What is the function of muscles?
Muscles contract and relax to provide movement
90
How do most skeletal muscles function?
Antagonistic pairs, while one set of muscles contract another corresponding set relaxes
91
What muscles are used when the dental assistant assists the dentist or works directly on patients?
Muscles of the lower back and neck
92
What specific muscular activities make muscular system pertinent to dentistry?
Chewing, swallowing, facial expressions, and talking
93
The muscle tissue can be s_______, sp______, c______, or i_______
Strained, sprained, cramped, or inflamed
94
What is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction known as?
Spasm
95
What is muscle deterioration known as?
Muscle atrophy
96
Identify: A chronic pain in the muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints
Fibromyalgia
97
Identify: A congenital disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the skeletal muscles
Muscular dystrophy
98
Which information of muscular dystrophy was discovered?
It usually strikes in early childhood
99
Identify: An autoimmune disorder that leaves the muscles weak and fatigued
Myasthenia gravis
100
What is one of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
Weakness in the facial or swallowing muscles
101
What are the three sections of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells
102
What is the brain and the spinal cord known as?
Central Nervous System(CNS)
103
What are all the nerves outside the CNS known as?
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
104
What does ANS stand for? What is it?
Autonomic Nervous System; Specialized group of peripheral nerves that function mainly automatically
105
What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?
Neuron/Nerve Cell
106
What nerve fibers conducts impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
107
What nerve fibers conducts impulses away from the cell body?
Axons
108
Define synapse
In which nerve fibers move impulses from one cell body to another
109
What are the layers that insulate and protect nerves?
Myelin Sheath
110
_______ neurons work together to carry messages from all over the body to the ______ ____ and the _____
Sensory, spinal cord, brain
111
What neurons carry messages away from the spinal cord and brain?
Motor neurons
112
____________/_________ neurons transmits impulses from _______ neurons to _____ neurons in the ___
Interneurons, Associate, sensory, motor, CNS
113
The spinal cord is the centre for ______ or ___________ responses
Reflex, involuntary
114
Define reflex arc
When a stimulus is sent through the sensory neurons into the spinal cord and a response is automatically processed and sent back through motor neurons for an action
115
The spinal cord transmits _______ from the ____ to the _____ where the message is ___________ and then a response is sent back to an _____ or a ______
Stimuli, body, brain, interpreted, organ, muscle
116
What cranial nerves conducts impulses from receptors in the nose to the brain?
Olfactory nerves
117
Olfactory nerves are _______ in function
Sensory
118
What cranial nerves conduct impulses from receptors in the eyes to the brain?
Optic nerves
119
Optic nerves are _______ in function
Sensory
120
What cranial nerves sends motor impulses to four of the external eye muscles, as well as to certain internal eye muscles?
Oculomotor nerves
121
What cranial nerves send motor impulses to one external eye muscle of each eye?
Trochlear nerves
122
Which cranial nerves divide into three branches? What are the three branches?
Trigeminal nerves, Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
123
Where do the ophthalmic branches go?
To eyes and forehead
124
Where do the maxillary branches go?
To upper jaw
125
Where do the mandibular branches go?
To lower jaw
126
What cranial nerves innervate the muscles that turn the eye to the side?
Abducens nerves
127
What do facial nerves innervate? (4)
Facial muscles, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
128
What cranial nerves divide into two branches?
Acoustic nerves
129
What do the cochlear branches do?
Concerned with the sense of hearing
130
What do the vestibular branches do?
Concerned with the sense of balance
131
What cranial nerves innervate the parotid glands, the sense of taste on the posterior third of the tongue, and part of the pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal nerves
132
What cranial nerves innervate part of the pharynx, larynx, and vocal cords, and parts of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Vagus nerves
133
What cranial nerves innervate the shoulder muscles?
Spinal accessory nerves
134
Where do some fibers of the spinal accessory nerves arise from?
Spinal cord
135
What cranial nerves primarily innervate the muscles concerned with movements of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerves
136
What blocks patients' pain and makes dental procedures possible?
Anesthesia
137
What nerve located in the lower back and travelling down the back of the thigh do dental team members experience pain with?
Sciatic nerve
138
Identify: Inflammation of nerves
Neuritis
139
What can cause neuritis?
Fall or a blow
140
What is neuritis also used to describe?
Nerve tissue degeneration
141
Identify: A disease that destroys the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS
Multiple sclerosis(MS)
142
What age does Multiple Sclerosis occur in?
20 to 40
143
What results when the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS is destroyed?
Impulses cannot be transmitted to their destinations
144
Identify: A chronic nervous disease characterized by slowly spreading tremors, muscular weakness, and a peculiar gait
Parkinson's Disease
145
Identify: A sudden onset of facial paralysis
Bell's Palsy
146
The endocrine system, like the nervous system, is a _______ and ____________ system
Control and communication
147
Endocrine system is much ______ than the nervous system, its results are ______ lasting
Slower, longer
148
Endocrine and nervous system are connected as the nervous system controls the _________ gland
Pituitary
149
What are glands and what do they do?
Produce secretions(hormones), are ductless(no tube for secretions from the glands to pass through)
150
Main functions of pituitary gland and hormones produced(2)
Master gland that releases hormones, which affect the workings of other glands; Growth hormone and thyroid stimulation hormone
151
Main functions of thyroid gland and hormones produced(1)
Increases metabolic rate, which affects both mental and physical activities, needed for normal growth; Thyroxin
152
Main functions of parathyroid gland and hormones produced(1)
Increases the level of calcium in the blood, regulates the calcium between bone and blood; Parathyroid hormone
153
Main functions of adrenal gland and hormones produced(2)
Releases the fight or flight hormone(increases heart rate and blood pressure), aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during stress; Cortisol, adrenalin
154
Main functions of pancreas gland and hormones produced(1)
Produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon; Insulin
155
Main functions of testes gland and hormones produced(1)
Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics; Testosterone
156
Main functions of ovaries gland and hormones produced(2)
Responsible for the development of female sex characteristics; Estrogen, progesterone
157
What is the pancreas gland also known as?
Islets of Langerhans
158
What disease/condition could affect patients and how they respond to dental treatment?
Diabetes
159
Possible emergencies could occur with younger patients going through _______ and older patients going through _________
Puberty, menopause
160
Dental assistant is responsible for knowing and following all precautions and standards regarding _________ and the use of _______ _____ in the dental examination room
Radiation, nitrous oxide
161
Using a ____ _____ when exposing radiographs
Lead apron
162
Providing ________ ___________ during nitrous oxide sedation
Adequate ventilation
163
Identify: A disease that occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin
Diabetes mellitus
164
During ________, dental treatments may need to be altered depending on the stage
Pregnancy
165
Identify: An underactive thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
166
Identify: An overactive thyroid gland with excessive secretion of hormones
Hyperthyroidism
167
What system maintains a balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids?
Circulatory system
168
What are the two pathways of cirulation?
Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation
169
Define pulmonary circulation
Pathway circulates blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
170
Define systemic circulation
Carries the blood from the aorta to the smallest blood vessels and back to the heart
171
What are the main components of the circulatory system?(6)
Heart, blood vessels(arteries, veins, capillaries), blood
172
```
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive
Can donate to for Blood Type A
```
```
41
A
Anti-B
A or O
A or AB
```
173
```
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive
Can donate to for Blood Type B
```
```
12
B
Anti-A
B or O
B or AB
```
174
```
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive
Can donate to for Blood Type AB
```
```
3
A and B
None
A, B, AB, or O
AB only
```
175
```
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive
Can donate to for Blood Type O
```
```
44
None
Anti-A and Anti-B
O only
A, B, AB, or O
```
176
Identify: An inflammation of the lining of the heart
Bacterial endocarditis
177
Patients with what should be treated with antibiotics before dental treatment? (6)
```
Rheumatic fever
Congenital heart disease
Open-heart surgery
Joint replacement
Organ transplants
Dental implants
```
178
Identify: The failure of blood to clot
Hemophilia
179
Identify: A malignant, progressive disease of the blood-forming organs that is marked by unrestrained growth of abnormal leukocytes
Leukemia
180
Leukemia cells infiltrate the ____ ______ and _____ ______. These cells then advance to the ____________ and various ____ ______
Bone marrow, lymph tissue, bloodstream, body organs
181
What 2 parts are the digestive system divided into?
Alimentary canal
| Accessory Organs
182
The digestive system provides a mean for ________ ____ to be prepared for use by the ____, circulated to all _____, and eliminating ______
Consumed food, body, cells, wastes
183
What is the alimentary canal of the digestive system?
Forms a canal or tube from the mouth to the anus
184
What is the accessory organs in the digestive system?
Aids in the process of digestion
185
What organs does the alimentary canal of the digestive system consist of? (6)
```
Mouth (oral cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
```
186
What organs does the accessory organs of the digestive system consist of? (6)
```
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands and ducts
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
```
187
List the processes completed in the oral cavity (3)
Taste
Mastication
Swallowing/deglutition
188
Describe the processes completed in the oral cavity (3)
Receives food and tastes
Mechanical breakdown of food
Saliva glands produce enzymes to start chemical digestion
189
List the processes completed in the pharynx (1)
Deglutition
190
Describe the processes completed in the pharynx (2)
Movement of food as a result of swallowing
| Passageway for food and air
191
List the processes completed in the esophagus (2)
Deglutition
| Peristalsis
192
Describe the processes completed in the esophagus (1)
Mucus is secreted as food is transported in waves toward the stomach
193
List the processes completed in the stomach (2)
Churning
| Peristalsis
194
Describe the processes completed in the stomach (1)
Chemical breakdown continues as stomach enzymes are released and mechanical movements churn the contents
195
List the processes completed in the small intestine (2)
Absorption
| Peristalsis
196
Describe the processes completed in the small intestine (2)
Absorption of digested food
| Move contents along intestinal track
197
List the processes completed in the large intestine (2)
Peristalsis
| Defecation
198
Describe the processes completed in the large intestine (1)
Mechanical movement occur, emptying of rectum
199
Identify: Destruction of the tooth surface
Tooth Decay
200
Identify: Inflammation and deterioration of the periodontal tissue
Periodontal disease
201
Identify: Disease where individuals 'purge" of vomit after eating large quantities of food
Bulimia
202
How does bulimia cause serious dental problems in patients?
The hydrochloric acid from the stomach dissolves tooth structure
203
Identify: Inflammation of liver caused by several viruses
Hepatitis
204
What are the three main hepatitis viruses?
Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C
205
What form of hepatitis is contracted through exposure by body fluids of infected individuals and is of the most concern because of its serious prognosis?
Hepatitis B
206
Main function of respiratory system is _________, air is inhaled through the ____ into the _____, where it's absorbed into the ___________ and carried to all body cells. Once the ______ reaches the cells, it's exchanged for the waste product, ______ _______. It is then transported by the blood back to the lungs and _______
Breathing, nose, lungs, bloodstream, oxygen, carbon dioxide, exhaled
207
What are the main parts of the respiratory system? (11)
```
Sinuses
Nasal cavity
Epiglottis
Larynx
Pharynx
Bronchial tree (trachea, lung, bronchus)
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
```
208
The lungs are located between the ________ _________ and _______
Thoracic vertebrae
| Sternum
209
The pleura is split into two, what are the two parts?
Internal visceral pleura
| External parietal pleura
210
What is between the two parts of the pleura?
Pleural space
211
The pleura is like the lung's "____"
Skin
212
What are the five smallest structures in the respiratory system?
```
Bronchiole
Pulmonary arteriole
Pulmonary venule
Bronchiole artery
Alveoli
```
213
Identify: Muscular spasm of the walls of the bronchi; Air passages is constricted so the person cannot easily exhale
Asthma
214
Identify: Highly contagious disease of respiratory system; Transmitted by breathing or swallowing droplets contaminated by __ ________
Tuberculosis
| TB bacillus
215
Identify: Malignancy of lung tissue
Lung cancer
216
How common is lung cancer? What is it often caused by?
Very common
| Cigarette smoking
217
What other conditions can affect the respiratory system? (3)
Common cold
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
218
Following ________ ___________ protects the office staff and the patient when treatment is required during times of infection
Standard precautions
219
The lymphatic system is composed of a _______ of _______ that drains and filters the tissue fluid surrounding _____
Network, vessels, cells
220
What are the three tonsils? Where are they located?
Palatine (sides)
Lingual (rear of mouth, pharynx)
Pharyngeal (rear of nasal cavity)
221
The immune system functions as part of the body's _______ against _______ _________. Composed of specialized cells (__________ and ___________) and molecules (__________ and ________)
Defence, harmful organisms, phagocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies, antigens
222
What is the immune system split into? (2)
Nonspecific immunity
| Specific immunity
223
What is nonspecific immunity?
The body's defence against any harmful agents
224
What is specific immunity?
Acts against selected agents
225
Identify: Chronic infection of the tonsil tissue
Tonsillitis
226
Identify: Malignant disorder, causes enlargement of lymph nodes
Hodgkin's Disease
227
What organs and vessels from other body systems involved in the immune system? (10)
```
Tonsils
Adenoids
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow
Thymus
Skin
Appendix
Peyer's patches
Spleen
```
228
What are the three main portions of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, and nails
229
What are the functions of the integumentary system? (5)
Protection: The body's first defence against foreign invaders, injury, and harmful sunrays
Temperature regulation and metabolic regulation
Prevention of water loss
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Amazing wound-healing abilities that require extensive intercellular cooperation
230
Identify: Characterized by lesions with irregular border and uneven colour, associated with exposure to sun
Malignant melanoma
231
Identify: Inflammation of the skin; skin is pink/red and forms itchy rash
Dermatitis
232
Identify: Skin disorder where sebaceous glands and hair follicles of skin become infected and clogged, causing pimples and blackheads
Acne
233
Identify: Bacterial infection of skin that spreads through the tissues
Cellulitis
234
Identify: Small growths caused by viral infections of the skin
Warts
235
What three layers is the skin split into?
Subcutaneous
Dermis
Epidermis
236
What three sections is the epidermis split into?
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinatirium
237
Stratum corneum is the ___________ (_____) layer
Stratum spinosum is in the ______
Stratum germinatirium is the _______ (_____) layer
Superficial (outer)
Middle
Deepest (inner)
238
The dermis has what? (4)
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Capillaries
239
What goes into the epidermis? (5)
```
Capillaries
Papillae
Nerve fibres
Pores
Hair shafts
```
240
The subcutaneous (inner layer) has what cells?
Adipose (fat) cells
