General Patho Flashcards by Leigh Rasco

Father of Modern Pathology

Rudolf Virchow

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Incomplete development, represented only by a mass of fatty/fibrous tissue

Aplasia

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Complete non-appearance/absence of organ

Agenesia

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Failure to reach full maturity of organs

Hypoplasia

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Failure to form an opening

Atresia

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Acquired decrease in size

Atrophy

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Naturally occurring atrophy (aging)

Physiologic atrophy

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Atrophy in consequence of a disease

Pathologic atrophy

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Hypertrophy due to increased workload/endocrine stimulation

True hypertrophy

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hypertrophy due to edema fluid & CT proliferation

False hypertrophy

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Hypertrophy that involves 1 of the paired organ due to removal/functional insufficiency

Compensatory hypertrophy

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Disordered growth; variation in size, shape & orientation

Dysplasia

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Reversible but prone to malignant transformation (adaptation to chronic injury)

Metaplasia

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Regressive changes towards a more primitive/embryonic cell type

Anaplasia

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Pathologic overgrowth of tissue

Neoplasia

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5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Rubor/redness
Calor/heat
Tumor/swell
Dolor/pain
Functio laesa/loss of fxn

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exudate that is watery, low-protein fluid from blood/cells

serous (inflammation)

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exudate due to hyper secretion of mucus

catarrhal

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cellular attempt to contain an offending agent that is hard to kill

Granuloma formation

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Caseating granuloma

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non-caseating granuloma

leprosy

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gumma

syphilis

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rounded or stellate granuloma

cat-scratch disease

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A local defect/excavation on the surface of an organ due to sloughing

ulcers

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cells are enlarged PM are disrupted with adjacent inflammation

Necrosis

shrinkage of cells fragmentation PM is intact

Apoptosis

necrosis/apoptosis? large, acidophilic & with fat droplets

necrosis

necrosis that happens when arterial supply is cut off hallmark is conversion of normal cells into "tombstones"

coagulative necrosis

necrosis that is rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells (eg brain)

liquefactive

necrosis involving a peculiar destruction of adipose tissue (eg pancreas)

fat

necrosis that happens when cells are converted into granular, friable mass made up of coagulated protein/fat

caseous

necrosis that combines ischemia & superimposed bacterial contamination

gangrenous

Active elements of the tumor

parenchyma

connective tissue framework w/ lymphatic & vascular channels

stroma

cancer wherein there are more cells than supporting tissue soft & very malignant

medullary

cancer where there is more connective tissue than cells stony/hard

scirrhous

Benign epithelial neoplasms producing finger-like/warty projections

papilloma

Benign tumors arising from glands

adrenal

malignant tumors arising from epithelial origin

carcinoma

malignant tumor arising from connective tissues (mesenchymal)

sarcoma

general rule of grading tumors

well-differentiated tumors are less malignant

Grade __ Differentiated cells: 100-75% Undifferentiated cells: 0-25%

Grade 1

Grade 2 Differentiated cells: Undifferentiated cells:

75-50% 25-50%

Grade __ Differentiated cells: 50-25% Undifferentiated cells:

Grade 3 50-75%

Grade __ Differentiated cells: 25-0% Undifferentiated cells: 75-100%

Grade 4

TNM system of cancer staging: in situ lesion

TNM system of cancer staging: increasing size

T1-T4

TNM system of cancer staging: no nodal involvement

TNM system of cancer staging: increasing # and range of nodes

N1-N3

TNM system of cancer staging: no distant metastasis

TNM system of cancer staging: presence of metastasis

Death or complete cessation of metabolic/functional activities

somatic death

3 primary signs/changes of death

1. circulatory failure 2. respiratory failure 3. nervous failure

flatline EEG

nervous failure

1st demonstrable change observed cooling of body 7°C/hr

Algor mortis

rigidity/stiffening of muscles 6-12 hrs after death up to 2-3 days

Rigor mortis

purple discoloration

livor mortis

occurs after death separation of RBCs from fluid phase "chicken fat" appearance currant jelly shaped vessels "rubbery"

post-mortem clot

occurs before death friable & precipitation of fibrin not rubbery in consistency

Ante-mortem clot

drying & wrinkling of the cornea

dessication

production of foul-smelling gases (cadaverine) by saprophytic orgs

putrefaction

self-digestion of cells

autolysis

Certificate of Death (Municipal form no. 103) modified by __ what are the changes

by WHO From blue to WHITE paper Relase 4 copies (registrant, office of civil registrar & attendant at death, filing)

1st manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cell

cloudy swelling

abnormal accumulation of fat most affected organ:

Fatty degeneration Liver