General patho Flashcards
(60 cards)
How atrophy occurs?
Cell number decrease via apoptosis
Cell size via ubiquitin proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components
How metaplasia occurs?
Via reprogramming of stem cells which then produce the new cell types
What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling result(
- loss of villi and membrane blebbing
- RER swell result dissociation Of Ribosomes And so no protein
What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
Membrane damage;
- Plasma membrane damage results leakage of cell enzymes and Calcium enters in cells
- Mito membrane damage result No ETC cycle and apoptosis process start due leakage of cytochrome c
- lysosome membrane damage result enzymes leaks outs
What are d/f ways to activate apoptosis process?
1) Intrinsic mito pathway
2) Extrinsic receptor ligand pathway viz FAS FAS ligand
3) Cytotoxic CD8 T cells mediate pathway
How CCL4 cause fatty liver?
CCL4—> CCL3 by CYP450
Results ROS
WHICH CAUSE REVERSIBLE cell injury and ribosome detach so no protein synthesising apolipoproteins so no transport of fatty in body
Name the Acute phase reactants which increased and decrease in inflammation
Increased are hepacidin, ferrtin, fibrinogen, serum Amyloid A And CRP)
Decrease are albumin and transferrin
What is familial Mediterranean fever
Occurs due to neutrophils dysfunction result episodic fever and serosal inflammation like appendicitis, arthritis or MI
Name the CD marker on macrophages which activate by PAMP
CD14 (Co receptor for TLR4)
Name the complement which are anaphylatoxins
C3a And C5a
How granuloma forms?
Macrophages via MHC2 gives antigens to CD4 T cells
Macrophages releases IL2 which convert CD4 helper to TH1
TH1 secrete IFN GAMMA convert macrophages into epithelioid hisiocytes And giant cells
Why keloid occurs?
Due to excess production of type 3 collagen in wound
Locations are earlobes, face and upper extremities
Important point
Metastatic calcification occurs in tissue which lose acid quickly so it will favour Ca2 deposition
Like interstitial tissue of kidney, lung and gastric mucosa
Elderly pt cells or tissue showing yellow brown wear and tear pigment
Lipofuscin occur via oxidation and polymerisation Of autophagocytosed organellar membrane
Name the tissue mediators which cause angiogenesis
FGF
TGF B also cause fibrosis
VEGF
What is Good syndrome?
Paraneoplastic syndrome seen in thymoma
Less immunoglobulins
Name the paraneoplastic seen in small cell lung cancer
Dancing eyes dancing feet’s in adult
Ab against antigens in purkinje cells (paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration)
Ab against antigens HU in neurons (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis)
Lambert eaton myasthenia syndrome
Name the paraneoplastic in ovarian teratoma
Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis
Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is receptor tyrosine kinase
ALK
RET
HER/neu (C-erbB2)
Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is tyrosine kinase
BCR ABL
JAK2
Name the proto oncogene in which one allele damage can cause cancer
ALK
Bcl2
N Myc
Name tumor suppressor genes in who both should be mutated to get cancer
BRCA
MEN1
Nf1/2
Rb
TSC1/2 hamartin And tuberin
Vhl
Wt1 regulate urogenital tumor
What is p glycoprotein?
Also known as multidrug resistance protein I (MORI).
Classically seen in adrenocortical carcinoma but also expressed by other cancer cells (eg, colon, liver).
Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of I responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over tim
Name the cytokines involves in cachexia
TNF
IFN GAMMA
IL1 And 6
