Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FA flashCards > General patho > Flashcards

General patho Flashcards

1
Q

How atrophy occurs?

A

Cell number decrease via apoptosis

Cell size via ubiquitin proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How metaplasia occurs?

A

Via reprogramming of stem cells which then produce the new cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?

A

Cellular swelling result(

  • loss of villi and membrane blebbing
  • RER swell result dissociation Of Ribosomes And so no protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?

A

Membrane damage;

  • Plasma membrane damage results leakage of cell enzymes and Calcium enters in cells
  • Mito membrane damage result No ETC cycle and apoptosis process start due leakage of cytochrome c
  • lysosome membrane damage result enzymes leaks outs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are d/f ways to activate apoptosis process?

A

1) Intrinsic mito pathway
2) Extrinsic receptor ligand pathway viz FAS FAS ligand
3) Cytotoxic CD8 T cells mediate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How CCL4 cause fatty liver?

A

CCL4—> CCL3 by CYP450
Results ROS
WHICH CAUSE REVERSIBLE cell injury and ribosome detach so no protein synthesising apolipoproteins so no transport of fatty in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the Acute phase reactants which increased and decrease in inflammation

A

Increased are hepacidin, ferrtin, fibrinogen, serum Amyloid A And CRP)

Decrease are albumin and transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is familial Mediterranean fever

A

Occurs due to neutrophils dysfunction result episodic fever and serosal inflammation like appendicitis, arthritis or MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the CD marker on macrophages which activate by PAMP

A

CD14 (Co receptor for TLR4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the complement which are anaphylatoxins

A

C3a And C5a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How granuloma forms?

A

Macrophages via MHC2 gives antigens to CD4 T cells

Macrophages releases IL2 which convert CD4 helper to TH1

TH1 secrete IFN GAMMA convert macrophages into epithelioid hisiocytes And giant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why keloid occurs?

A

Due to excess production of type 3 collagen in wound

Locations are earlobes, face and upper extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Important point

A

Metastatic calcification occurs in tissue which lose acid quickly so it will favour Ca2 deposition

Like interstitial tissue of kidney, lung and gastric mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Elderly pt cells or tissue showing yellow brown wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin occur via oxidation and polymerisation Of autophagocytosed organellar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the tissue mediators which cause angiogenesis

A

FGF
TGF B also cause fibrosis
VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Good syndrome?

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome seen in thymoma

Less immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the paraneoplastic seen in small cell lung cancer

A

Dancing eyes dancing feet’s in adult

Ab against antigens in purkinje cells (paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration)

Ab against antigens HU in neurons (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis)

Lambert eaton myasthenia syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the paraneoplastic in ovarian teratoma

A

Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is receptor tyrosine kinase

A

ALK
RET
HER/neu (C-erbB2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the proto oncogene whose gene product is tyrosine kinase

A

BCR ABL

JAK2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the proto oncogene in which one allele damage can cause cancer

A

ALK
Bcl2
N Myc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name tumor suppressor genes in who both should be mutated to get cancer

A

BRCA
MEN1

Nf1/2
Rb

TSC1/2 hamartin And tuberin
Vhl

Wt1 regulate urogenital tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is p glycoprotein?

A

Also known as multidrug resistance protein I (MORI).

Classically seen in adrenocortical carcinoma but also expressed by other cancer cells (eg, colon, liver).

Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of I responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over tim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the cytokines involves in cachexia

A

TNF
IFN GAMMA
IL1 And 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

General Pharma

A

General Pharma

26
Q

Name the antidotes of arsenic, Lead and Mercury

A

Dimercaprol And Succimer

27
Q

Name the antidote only used for lead

A

EDTA

28
Q

Name the medicine which are contraindicated in coronary vasopasm

CASE

A

C cocaine
A amphetamines
S sumatriptan
E ergot alkaloids

29
Q

Name the medicine cause cutaneous flushing

VE CAN

A

V vancomycin
E echinocandins

C CCB
A adenosine
N niacin/ nitrates

30
Q

Name the toxin produce by pufferfish

A

Tetrodotoxin which -ve depolarisation Of Sodium channels-in heart and nerves

31
Q

Ciguatoxin produce by which sea fishes?

A

Reef fish viz snapper, barracuda and moray eel

SSx are perioral numbness, reversal of hot and cold sensation
Low BP and heart rate

32
Q

Histamine (scombroid) fish produce by which fishes?

A

Spoiled dark meat fish viz tuna, Mahi mahi, mackerel And bonito

These fishes have histidine decarboxylase which produce histamine result anaphylaxis SSx

33
Q

Triad of DRESS syndrome

A

Occur after taking medicines 3As
A allopurinol
Antibiotics
Antifits And Sulfa

SSx are fever, morbilliform skin rash and frequent multiorgan involvement

34
Q

Name the medicine which cause dilsulfiram like rxn

drug that causes hypersensitivity to alcohol leading to nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, throbbing headache, chest and abdominal discomfort, and general hangover-like symptoms among others

A

Antibiotics like metro/ cephalosporins

Antifungal Griseofulvin

Antineoplastic Procarbazine

DM drug first generation sulfonylureas

35
Q

Name the medicine cause focal to massive hepatic necrosis

HAVE
E = A

A

H halothane
A acetaminophen
V valproate
A amanita phalloides

36
Q

Name the medicine which cause gingival hyperplasia

CPC

A

CCB
Phenytoin
Cyclosporine

37
Q

Most common cause of death in following ages
1-14 YR

15-34YR

35-44 YR

A

Unintentional Injury

38
Q

Most common Of death in 45-64YR

A

Cancer

39
Q

Most common cause of death in +ve 65YR

A

Heart disease

40
Q

Important point of chemotherapy induced vomit

A

Early phase vomiting (due to drugs) due to serotonin

Late phase (after a day) due to neurokinin -1

41
Q

Structures derive from neural crest cells

“SOME SALT”

A 
S = Schwann cells
O = odontoblast
M= melanocytes
E= enterchromaffin cells

S= spinal membranes like pia And arachnoid
A = adrenal medulla/ganglia
L=laryngeal cartilage
T = tracheal cartilage

42
Q

Triad of chikungunya

A

High fever

Symmetrical poly athralgia

Maculopapular rash

Lymphopenia

43
Q

Important point

A

Patency Of urethera maintain by corpus spongiosum during ejaculation

44
Q

Important point

A

Intra abdominal infections are polymicrobial, with B.fragilis and E. coli being the most prominent organisms isolated

45
Q

What will be seen after MI in 2 weeks to 2 months?

A

Collagen deposition and scar formation

46
Q

What changes occur in MI within 2 wks (10 to 14 days)?

A

Granulation tissue and Neo vascularization

47
Q

What will be seen with 4 hours after MI?

A

No changes or minimal changes

48
Q

What will be seen after 1 to 5 days in MI?

A

Coagulation necrosis And neutrophilic infiltrate

49
Q

What will be seen after 5 to 10 days in MI?

A

Macrophages phagocytosis Of dead cells

50
Q

What will be seen after MI in 2 weeks to 2 months?

A

Collagen deposition and scar formation

51
Q

What changes occur in MI within 2 wks (10 to 14 days)?

A

Granulation tissue and Neo vascularization

52
Q

What will be seen with 4 hours after MI?

A

No changes or minimal changes

53
Q

What will be seen after 1 to 5 days in MI?

A

Coagulation necrosis And neutrophilic infiltrate

54
Q

What will be seen after 5 to 10 days in MI?

A

Macrophages phagocytosis Of dead cells

55
Q

Opioids drugs

A

***Full agonist:
morphine, heroin,
meperidine, methadone,
codeine.

  • **Partial agonist:
    buprenorphine.

***Mixed agonist/antagonist:
nalbuphine, pentazocine, butorphanol.

***Antagonist:
naloxone, naltrexone, methylnaltrexone.

56
Q

Important point

A

Tramadol is a Slight opioid agonist, and a Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

It is used for Stubborn pain, but can lower Seizure threshold, and may cause Serotonin Syndrome

57
Q

Benzodiazepines Classification based on half life

A 
SHORT ACTING***
-ATOM::
Alprazolam, Triazolam, 
Oxazepam, and Midazolam 
All are short acting -higher addictive potential)

LONG ACTING*** (Given in alcohol withdrawal)
Chlordiazepoxide
Clorazepate

Diazepam
Flurazepam

58
Q

Important point very important point

A

Lorazepam, Oxazepam, and Temazepam

They can be used for those with liver disease who drink a LOT due to minimal first-pass metabolism.

59
Q

Name the medicine given in “chronic stable angina” and Chronic HF with reduced Ejection fraction

A

IVabradine prolongs slow depolarization (phase “IV”) by selectively inhibiting “funny” sodium channels (I,).

60
Q

Side effects of ivabradine

A

Luminous phenomena/visual brightness,

hypertension,

bradycardia.

FA flashCards (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions